Table 6.

Hand hygiene compliance among different health care worker groups (pre- versus post-intervention)

Hand hygiene opportunities	Staff nurses pre/post in %	Residents pre/post in %	Nursing students pre/post in %	Consultants pre/ post in %	Physiotherapists pre/post in %	Paramedical staff pre/post in %
Before clean/aseptic procedures	23.68/31.81 (0.492)	22.22/100 (0.0055)	0/0 (0)	0/100 (0.333)	0/0 (0)	0/0 (0)
After contact with blood/body fluids	43.75/100 (0.123)	50/90.91 (0.098)	0/66.67 (0.119)	100/75 (0.800)	0/0 (0)	0/0 (0)
After handling soiled objects	42.86/100 (0.277)	60/0 (0)	0/33.33 (0)	0/0 (0)	0/0 (0)	0/16.67 (0.628)
After removing gloves used for contact with body subs±	16.67/58.33 (0.011)	33.33/0 (0)	0/0 (0)	0/71.42 (0)	42.86/100 (0.27)	0/28.57 (0.381)
Before pt* contact	10/68 (0.000)	9.43/61.54 (0.000)	0/25 (0.001)	19.05/37.5 (0.152)	70/77.78 (0.49)	0/70.59 (0.000)
After pt contact	16/65.22 (0.000)	14.81/60.32 (0.000)	5.13/43.75 (0.000)	23.81/62.5 (0.005)	28.57/84.21 (0.013)	4.76/60 (0.000)
Before pt’s equipment contact	2.04/48.98 (0.000)	0/44.44 (0.005)	0/25 (0.065)	0/0 (0)	71.43/33.33 (0.208)	0/50 (0.238)
After pt’s equipment contact	2.13/51.06 (0.000)	21.43/57.89 (0.036)	0/27.78 (0.060)	50/0 (0.500)	50/33.33 (0.547)	0/63.64 (0.006)
Gloves worn when potential for contact with blood/body subs±	78.72/82.14 (0.720)	62.5/28.57 (0.148)	92.3/100 (0.812)	0/100 (0.017)	100/100 (0)	88.89/100 (0.818)
Gloves removed imm† after use	33.33/54.17 (0.1088)	44.44/57.14 (0.500)	0/0 (0)	0/100 (0)	84.61/71.43 (0.361)	0/0 (0)

^*Pt – patient,

^±subs – substance

^†imm – immediately, All values in percentages

P value indicated in parenthesis