Table 1.
Sources of variation in MMM by female North American red squirrels. Variance components are presented for each of three candidate models as coefficients of variation (CV = 100 × s.d./mean), where the mean MMM was 1.02 males per hour of observation. Fixed effects (FE) were the number of attending males and year. Individual effects (Vi) represent all sources of individual variation (genetic and non-genetic) in the model where additive genetic effects (VA) are excluded, but represent permanent environmental effects in models that included additive genetic effects. Heritability (h2), and individual effects (Vi/Vp) were calculated relative to total phenotypic variation. Model comparison was based on the DIC; 95% CI for each parameter are in parentheses.
| model | DIC | CVe | CVi | CVa | Vi/Vp | h2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. FE | 90.2 | 35.8 (30.5–40.3) | — | — | — | — |
| 2. FE and individual effects (Vi) | 84.7 | 32.8 (24.8–39.3) | 15.0 (0.06–26.3) | — | 0.002 (7.2e−8–0.49) | — |
| 3. FE + Vi + genetic effects (Va) | 82.8 | 32.3 (24.7–38.5) | 3.7 (0.003–23.5) | 5.1 (0.03–22.6) | 0.002 (8.0e−9–0.42) | 0.002 (4.5e−7–0.36) |