. 2011 May 4;134(5):1506–1518. doi: 10.1093/brain/awr053

Table 7.

Hippocampal sclerosis is associated with diverse underlying and accompanying brain diseases with at least five distinct hippocampal sclerosis subtypes

Subtype	Characteristics
Associated with advanced age (HS-Ageing and HS-Ageing–TPD)	Highest prevalence in ‘oldest-old’^a
	Aberrant TDP-43 in ∼90% of cases^a
	TDP-43 bilateral even if routine haematoxylin and eosin histology not
	Still not known whether TPD-43 is causative
	No proven relation to stroke^a
	Dementia, not usually seizures^a
	Association with Alzheimer’s disease is weak or non-existent^a
	APOE alleles do not alter risk^a
	Cognitive tests: word list delay/verbal fluency ratio
With seizures (HS–Sz)	Younger persons
	Seizures, not usually dementia
	Often unilateral
	No aberrant TDP-43^a
With tauopathy (HS–tau)	Non-Alzheimer’s disease tauopathy
With tauopathy (HS–tau)	May include argyrophilic grain disease or progressive supranuclear palsy
With non-tauopathy frontotemporal dementia (HS–FTD)	Multiple possible aetiologies
With non-tauopathy frontotemporal dementia (HS–FTD)	Accompanied by frontotemporal dementia clinical syndrome
With cerebrovascular disease (HS–CVD)	May coexist with other cerebrovascular sequelae
	Probably not progressive
	Similar pathology can be seen in hypoglycaemia, trauma

a Focus of current study.