| From 5 to 50 μmol/L |
Hepatocytes |
Inhibition of NF-κB-mediated signaling |
| Mean: 15 μmol/L |
Endothelial cells |
Suppression of IκBα phosphorylation |
| Platelets |
Inhibition of protein kinase kinase |
| Cancer cells |
Inhibition of c-jun N-terminal kinase |
| Phagocytes |
Inhibition of leukotriene formation |
| Stellate cells |
Inhibition of release of cytochrome c |
|
HepG2 |
Inhibition of ERK, MEK, and Raf phosphorylation; inhibition of release of caspase 9 and 3, IL-8, and of PDGF- and TGF-β-mediated signaling; decrease of MMP2; increase of TIMP2; inhibition of HCV replication |
