Table 1.

Alloparental behaviors in a pup test, including time spent in infant care and contact (non-huddling) were more common in prairie voles that were handled at least once in the first few days of life (MAN1 and MAN1–7) versus those that received no handling until at least PND 7 (MAN0 and MAN7).

	MALE: Manipulation in the first week (MAN1 and MAN1–7; n = 21)	MALE: No early manipulation (MAN0 and MAN 7; n = 21)	Statistic	p-value	FEMALE: Manipulation in the first week (MAN1 and MAN1–7; n = 20)	FEMALE: No early manipulation (MAN0 and MAN 7; n = 20)	Statistic	p-value
Sniff	31.52 ± 4.13	37.86 ± 6.86	F = 0.21	0.653	17.85 ± 3.2	24.36 ± 4.79	F = 0.38	0.768
Lick	56.0 ± 18.67	36.86 ± 15.58	χ2 = 2.01	0.156	70.05 ± 37.32	49.47 ± 18.68	χ2 = 2.33	0.507
Retrievals	2.67 ± 0.72	1.81 ± 0.60	χ2 = 1.99	0.158	1.55 ± 0.47	4.47 ± 1.77	χ2 = 3.33	0.344
Huddling	1.24 ± 0.86	5.71 ± 4.15	χ2 = 1.11	0.737	33.9 ± 23.22	16.32 ± 9.23	χ2 = 5.04	0.169