Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by HPE Assignment.
| PRECEDE n=300 |
CONTROL n=300 |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Female gender % (95% CI) | 53.8 (50.6-57) | 49.3 (46.1-52.5) | 0.27 |
| Age (years) | 66.06 (8) | 67.28 (19) | 0.3 |
| DM duration (years) | 8.80 (8) | 9.49 (8) | 0.29 |
| Current Smoker % (95% CI) | 9.5 (6.3-12.7) | 15.1 (4.6-25.6) | 0.36 |
| No. of cigarettes/day | 11.88 (10) | 12.36 (9) | 0.84 |
| Alcohol/week (units) | 3.11 (8) | 5.08 (30) | 0.27 |
| Exercise (hours/week) | 7.55 (4) | 7.98 (5) | 0.25 |
| Self-control % (95% CI) | 67.9 (62.8-73) | 64.2 (58.8-69.6) | 0.33 |
| Self-management feet % (95% CI) | 65.7 (60.5-70.9) | 93.6 (90.8-96.4) | <0.01 |
| Compliance with diet % (95% CI) | 55.7 (50.2-61.2) | 74.2 (69.3-79.2) | <0.01 |
| Therapeutic compliance % (95% CI) Always/Almost always | 81.3 (77-85.6) | 93.9 (91.2-96.6) | <0.01 |
| Medication profile % (95% CI) | |||
| Diet | 79.5 (75.1-83.9) | 72.8 (67.8-77.8) | 0.05 |
| Sulfonylureas | 42.3 (36.9-47.7) | 44.5 (38.9-50.1) | 0.58 |
| Meglitinide | 4.1 (1.9-6.3) | 1.3 (0-2.6) | 0.03 |
| Biguanides | 25.6 (20.8-30.4) | 19.7 (15.2-24.2) | 0.08 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 0.3 (0.3-0.9) | 1 (0-2.1) | 0.29 |
| Alpha glucosidase inhibitors | 11 (7.6-14.4) | 9 (5.8-12.2) | 0.41 |
| Insulin | 14.2 (10.4-18) | 14.4 (10.4-18.4) | 0.94 |
| Diuretics | 27.4 (22.5-32.3) | 23.1 (18.3-27.9) | 0.23 |
| Beta blockers | 12.9 (9.2-16.6) | 9.7 (6.4-13.1) | 0.22 |
| ACE inhibitors | 30.6 (25.5-35.7) | 29.1 (24-34.2) | 0.68 |
| ARB | 14.5 (10.6-18.4) | 12.4 (8.7-16.1) | 0.47 |
| Hypolipidemic | 35.3 (30.1-40.6) | 30.4 (25.2-35.6) | 0.2 |
| Calcium antagonist | 15.1% (11.2-19) | 19.1 (14.7-23.6) | 0.19 |
| Antiplatelet | 22.4 (17.8-27) | 17.7 (13.4-22) | 0.15 |
| Anticoagulants | 3.2 (1.3-5.1) | 3.7 (1.6-5.8) | 0.74 |
| History of % (95% CI) | |||
| Hypertension | 69.7 (64.6-74.7) | 63.5 (58.1-69) | 0.1 |
| Dyslipidemia | 48.7 (43.2-54.2) | 44.8 (39.2-50.4) | 0.33 |
| CHD Angina | 12.9 (9.2-16.6) | 7 (4.1-9.9) | 0.01 |
| AMI | 9.1 (5.9-12.3) | 7 (4.1-9.9) | 0.34 |
| Stroke | 3.2 (1.3-5.1) | 6 (3.3-8.7) | 0.1 |
| Retinopathy | 10.5 (7.1-13.9) | 6.5 (3.7-9.3) | 0.08 |
| Nephropathy | 5 (2.6-7.4) | 4.1 (1.9-6.3) | 0.6 |
| Neuropathy | 6 (3.4-8.6) | 2.4 (0.7-4.1) | 0.03 |
| Biochemical and biological parameters | |||
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 203 (33) | 205 (33) | 0.45 |
| HDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 51 (14) | 47 (11) | <0.01 |
| LDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 125 (29) | 129 (28) | 0.09 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 134 (70) | 133 (76) | 0.87 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.05 (1.3) | 7.36 (1.2) | <0.01 |
| Body Mass Index (Kg/m2) | 29.58 (4.58) | 30.54 (5.16) | 0.02 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 137 (165 | 134 (15) | 0.02 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 80 (8) | 77 (8) | <0.01 |
Values are given as mean (SD) unless otherwise specified.
CI: Confidence Interval; ACE: Inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB: Inhibitors of the Renin Angiotensin II receptor; CHD: Coronary Heart Disease; AMI: Acute myocardial infarction.