Table 1. Demographic and neurocognitive characteristics.

Characteristic	Controls (n = 12)	aMCI (n = 12)		t-Test, 2-tailed
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	d2	t(22)	p
age	62.1 (5.4)	66.6 (8.7)	0.08	−1.52	0.14
female sex (no.)	6	6
Education (years)	11.1 (1.4)	10.8 (1.3)	0.16	0.61	0.55
BDI	4.50 (4.4)	6.20 (4.4)	0.04	−0.91	0.38
MMSE (raw)	29.58 (0.52)	28.00 (1.81)	1.19	2.92	0.01
Verbal memory
CVLT, List A1	0.92 (1.24)	−0.42 (1.24)	1.08	2.63	0.02
CVLT, List B	−0.58 (1.31)	−1.08 (0.52)	0.50	1.23	0.24
CVLT, short delay free recall	0.42 (1.08)	−0.92 (1.24)	1.15	2.81	0.01
CVLT, short delay cued recall	0.33 (0.65)	−0.58 (1.31)	0.88	2.17	0.04
CVLT, long delay free recall	0.33 (1.23)	−0.83 (1.27)	0.93	2.29	0.03
CVLT, long delay cued recall	0.50 (0.52)	−0.67 (1.44)	1.08	2.65	0.02
CVLT, recognition hits	0.08 (0.67)	−0.42 (1.17)	0.52	1.29	0.21
Visual memory
WMS-R, visual memory immediate recall	1.42 (0.76)	0.60 (1.25)	0.79	1.93	0.07
WMS-R, visual memory delay	1.37 (0.83)	0.22 (1.62)	0.89	2.20	0.04
Working Memory
WMS-R, digit span forward	1.04 (0.67)	0.70 (1.10)	0.36	0.91	0.38
WMS-R, digit span backward	0.90 (0.99)	0.52 (1.02)	0.37	0.94	0.36
Language
FAS: F	0.96 (1.06)	0.56 (1.00)	0.41	0.95	0.35
FAS: A	1.38 (1.96)	1.59 (0.81)	0.14	−0.35	0.73
FAS: S	0.58 (0.94)	0.27 (0.50)	0.23	1.01	0.32
AAT, pictured objects (single nouns)	0.82 (0.00)	0.68 (0.46)	0.29	1.00	0.33
AAT, pictured objects (compound nouns)	0.71 (0.45)	0.54 (1.05)	0.21	0.53	0.61
Attention
WMS-R, mental control	0.40 (0.55)	0.58 (0.48)	0.35	−0.85	0.41
Trailmaking test A (raw)	37.1 (13.95)	42.5 (14.28)	0.38	−0.94	0.36
Trailmaking test B (raw)	84.8 (48.67)	115.8 (34.94)	0.73	−1.79	0.09

¹age-adjusted z-values unless otherwise indicated.

²effect size measure (Cohen's d).

BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination; CVLT: California Verbal Learning Test; WMS-R: Wechsler Memory Scale – Revised; FAS: Controlled Oral Word Association Test, letters F,A,S; AAT: Aachen Aphasia Test.