Table 1.
Major Studies Utilizing Bottom-Up Physical Approaches in the Generationof Adipose Stem Cell-Derived Osteogenic Tissue Constructs
| Author | External mechanical load | Medium | Substrate | Evidence of differentiation | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wall et al.113 | Cyclic tensile strain | ODM | 3D culture in Collagen I in Tissue Train strain culture system. (Flexcell Int.) | Alizarin Red Staining Opn protein expression | Palladin expression is upregulated with chemically induced osteogenesis and tensile strain. |
| Hanson et al.21 | Cyclic tensile strain | ODM | 2D culture on Col I-coated Bioflex membraneTM (Flexcell Int.) | Quantified calcium accretion | Continuous and rest-inserted cyclic tensile strain enhances osteogenic differentiation. |
| Huang et al.167 | Cyclic tensile strain | ODM | 2D culture on Col I-coated Bioflex membraneTM (Flexcell Int.) | Quantified calcium deposition Alizarin Red Staining | Proliferative capacity of ASC is reduced with age, but restored with tensile strain stimulation. Osteogenic potential is unchanged with age. |
| Knippenberg et al.34 | PFF | ODM | Polylysine-coated glass | NO production cox-2 gene expression | PFF upregulates NO production and cox-2 gene expression in osteogenically differentiated ASC. |
| Tjabringa et al.171 | PFF | ODM | Polylysine-coated glass | NO production, cox-2, runx2 and poly-amine associated SSAT gene expression | PFF upregulates SSAT gene expression. Polyamines mediate mechanically induced upregulation of NO activity and cox-2 gene expression. |
| Fröhlich et al.31 | Continuous flow | ODM | 3D culture in decellularized bone matrix scaffold | Histological and Immunostaining detection of Col I, BSP, and Opn SEM detection of mineralization | Perfusion culture of ASC on 3D deceullarized bone scaffolds improves cellular distribution and enhances mass transport through the scaffold. |
| ODM in perfusion culture system enhances expression of bone specific markers throughout the construct. | |||||
| Hammerick et al.25 | Electrical stimulation (DC field) | ODM | Tissue culture plastic | Gene expression of ALP, Opn, Col I, Runx2 and Osc Atomic force microscopy ALP activity Cytosolic calcium Immunostaining | ALP, Opn, Col I, and Runx2 gene expression is upregulated with DC field exposure. DC field exposure increases cytoskeletal tension Increase in cytoskeletal tension is not necessary for DC field induced differentiation. |
| McCullen et al.26 | Electrical stimulation (AC field) | ODM | Glass slides | Intracellular calcium Mineralized calcium accretion | AC field exposure induces intracellular calcium signaling and increases mineralized calcium accretion. |
ODM, osteogenic differentiation medium; 3D, three-dimensional; 2D, two-dimensional; ASC, adipose-derived stem cell; OPN, osteopontin; PFF, pulsatile fluid flow; NO, nitric oxide; cox-2, cyclo-oxygenase-2; SSAT, spermidine/spermine N (1)-acetyltransferase; BSP, bone sialoprotein; Runx2, runt-related transcription factor-2; SEM, scanning electron microscope; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; OSC, osteocalcin; DC, direct current; AC, alternating current.