Table 4.
Effect of maternal vitamin A plus β-carotene supplementation on child mortality and HIV infection according to sex
| Endpoint | Vitamin A plus β-carotene
|
p int. ‡ | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Girls
|
Boys
|
||||||||||||||
| Yes
|
No
|
RR† | 95% CI | p | Yes
|
No
|
RR† | 95% CI | p | ||||||
| n | N* | n | N* | n | N* | n | N* | ||||||||
| Mortality including stillbirths | 70 | 239 | 66 | 230 | 1.00 | (0.71, 1.40) | 0.98 | 63 | 249 | 59 | 241 | 1.07 | (0.75, 1.53) | 0.71 | 0.76 |
| Mortality among live births | |||||||||||||||
| All children | 63 | 232 | 57 | 221 | 1.03 | (0.72, 1.48) | 0.86 | 51 | 237 | 47 | 229 | 1.10 | (0.74, 1.63) | 0.65 | 0.82 |
| HIV-negative§ | 15 | 138 | 16 | 144 | 0.99 | (0.47, 2.08) | 0.98 | 17 | 151 | 21 | 169 | 1.00 | (0.52, 1.94) | 0.99 | 0.99 |
| HIV-positive§ | 35 | 73 | 33 | 59 | 0.79 | (0.49, 1.28) | 0.34 | 31 | 74 | 19 | 47 | 1.30 | (0.72, 2.32) | 0.38 | 0.21 |
| Total HIV infection|| | 73 | 211 | 59 | 203 | 1.20 | (0.85, 1.69) | 0.31 | 74 | 225 | 47 | 216 | 1.65 | (1.14, 2.38) | 0.01 | 0.22 |
| Total HIV infection or mortality including stillbirths | 108 | 239 | 92 | 230 | 1.15 | (0.87, 1.52) | 0.34 | 106 | 249 | 87 | 241 | 1.27 | (0.95, 1.69) | 0.11 | 0.64 |
*
n, number of endpoints; N, number of individuals at risk.
†
Relative risks (RR), 95% CI, and p-values are obtained from Cox proportional hazards model.
‡
P int. test for interaction between vitamin A plus β-carotene regimen and sex from the likelihood ratio test.
§
Time-varying HIV status from birth among live births.
||
Total HIV infection includes intrauterine, intrapartum, and breastfeeding transmission.