Table 1.
Pharmacodynamic differences in least square means relative to placebo for all measurements
| Least square means | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Placebo | Scopolamine | Difference | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Neurophysiological | ||||||
| Body sway (mm) | 268 | 422 | 57.4% | 48.3 | 67.1 | <0.0001 |
| Saccadic peak velocity (o s−1) | 471.0 | 448.3 | −22.7 | −28.5 | −16.8 | <0.0001 |
| Saccadic latency (s) | 0.200 | 0.217 | 0.017 | 0.013 | 0.022 | <0.0001 |
| Saccadic inaccuracy (%) | 5.73 | 8.14 | 2.41 | 2.14 | 2.68 | <0.0001 |
| Smooth pursuit eye movements (%) | 48.37 | 42.32 | −6.05 | −8.10 | −3.99 | <0.0001 |
| EEG alpha Fz-Cz (µV) | 2.889 | 2.064 | −28.6% | −32.8 | −24.1 | <0.0001 |
| EEG alpha Pz-Oz (µV) | 5.472 | 3.133 | −42.7% | −46.9 | −38.3 | <0.0001 |
| EEG beta Fz-Cz (µV) | 1.998 | 1.982 | −0.8% | −4.3 | 2.8 | 0.6492 |
| EEG beta Pz-Oz (µV) | 2.508 | 2.010 | −19.8% | −23.1 | −16.4 | <0.0001 |
| EEG delta Fz-Cz (µV) | 1.801 | 2.064 | 14.6% | 9.6 | 19.9 | <0.0001 |
| EEG delta Pz-Oz (µV) | 1.779 | 1.983 | 11.5% | 6.4 | 16.8 | <0.0001 |
| EEG theta Fz-Cz (µV) | 2.112 | 2.134 | 1.1% | −3.3 | 5.6 | 0.6332 |
| EEG theta Pz-Oz (µV) | 2.293 | 2.310 | 0.7% | −4.8 | 6.6 | 0.8011 |
| Average pupil : iris ratio | 0.532 | 0.590 | 0.057 | 0.042 | 0.072 | <0.0001 |
| Adaptive tracking performance (%) | 21.70 | 12.07 | −9.62 | −10.29 | −8.95 | <0.0001 |
| Finger tapping rate [taps (10 s)−1] | 65.4 | 62.0 | −3.4 | −4.4 | −2.4 | <0.0001 |
| Cognitive | ||||||
| Stroop test RT conflict situation (ms) | 657.0 | 767.4 | 110.5 | 82.2 | 138.8 | <0.0001 |
| Stroop test # correct conflict situation | 19.5 | 18.9 | −0.6 | −0.9 | −0.3 | <0.0001 |
| Immediate word recall # correct third trial | 16.0 | 10.2 | −5.8 | −6.7 | −5.0 | <0.0001 |
| Delayed word recall # correct | 12.4 | 7.3 | −5.1 | −6.0 | −4.3 | <0.0001 |
| Delayed word recognition average RT correct answers (ms) | 903.1 | 951.4 | 48.4 | 17.4 | 79.3 | 0.0025 |
| Delayed word recognition # correct | 24.9 | 22.6 | −2.3 | −3.3 | −1.4 | <0.0001 |
| Subjective | ||||||
| VAS alertness (mm) | 54.7 | 45.7 | −9.0 | −10.9 | −7.2 | <0.0001 |
| VAS mood (mm) | 57.2 | 56.6 | −0.6 | −1.9 | 0.6 | 0.3243 |
| VAS calmness (mm) | 57.5 | 58.7 | 1.2 | −0.5 | 2.9 | 0.1567 |
| VAS internal perception (log mm) | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.11 | <0.0001 |
| VAS external perception (log mm) | 0.34 | 0.50 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.19 | <0.0001 |
| VAS feeling high (log mm) | 0.36 | 0.68 | 0.32 | 0.24 | 0.40 | <0.0001 |
| VAS colour perception (log mm) | 0.35 | 0.42 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.11 | <0.0001 |
| Neuroendocrine | ||||||
| FSH (U l−1) | 3.70 | 3.90 | 5.6% | 3.7 | 7.6 | <0.0001 |
| LH (U l−1) | 4.39 | 5.28 | 20.2% | 13.6 | 27.1 | <0.0001 |
| Prolactin (U l−1) | 7.91 | 9.12 | 15.3% | 10.5 | 20.3 | <0.0001 |
# = number. RT, reaction time; VAS, visual analogue scale.