Table 1.
Unadjusted and bivariate associations of maternal characteristics with short sleep duration from 6 months to 1 year postpartum. Data from 586 participants in Project Viva who presented for follow-up at three years postpartum without an intervening birth.
| Characteristic | N | Overall | Average Daily Sleep Duration (hrs/d), 6 Months to 1 Year Postpartum | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ 5 hours (N = 74) | > 5 hours (N = 512) | p- value* | |||
| Mean (SD) or % | |||||
| Sociodemographics | |||||
| Maternal age at 3 years postpartum, years | 586 | 37.7 (5.0) | 38.8 (4.0) | 37.6 (5.1) | 0.02 |
| Breastfeeding duration, months | 586 | 6.2 (4.6) | 6.9 (4.9) | 6.1 (4.6) | 0.21 |
| Institute of Medicine gestational weight gain category | |||||
| Adequate/inadequate | 259 | 45 | 44 | 45 | 0.88 |
| Excessive | 321 | 55 | 56 | 55 | |
| Glucose tolerance status during pregnancy | |||||
| Normal | 482 | 83 | 82 | 83 | 0.97 |
| Impaired glucose tolerance | 76 | 13 | 14 | 13 | |
| Gestational diabetes | 24 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||
| White | 432 | 74 | 72 | 74 | 0.07 |
| Black | 67 | 11 | 11 | 12 | |
| Hispanic | 38 | 7 | 9 | 6 | |
| Asian | 25 | 4 | 0 | 5 | |
| Other | 23 | 4 | 8 | 3 | |
| Parity | |||||
| 1 | 175 | 30 | 23 | 31 | 0.05 |
| 2 | 276 | 47 | 43 | 48 | |
| 3+ | 135 | 23 | 34 | 23 | |
| College graduate | |||||
| No | 175 | 30 | 35 | 29 | 0.29 |
| Yes | 410 | 70 | 65 | 71 | |
| Household income | |||||
| < $40,000/year | 69 | 12 | 15 | 12 | 0.46 |
| ≥ $40,000/year | 486 | 88 | 85 | 88 | |
| Smoking | |||||
| Never | 406 | 70 | 70 | 70 | |
| Former | 123 | 21 | 19 | 22 | 0.64 |
| During pregnancy | 48 | 8 | 11 | 8 | |
| Depression score at 6 months postpartum | |||||
| No, <13 | 505 | 93 | 81 | 95 | <.0001 |
| Yes, ≥13 | 37 | 7 | 19 | 5 | |
| Diet and Physical Activity at 6 Months Postpartum | |||||
| Total fat, g/d† | 546 | 34.0 (7.7) | 33.8 (7.7) | 34.0 (7.7) | 0.85 |
| Saturated fat, g/d† | 546 | 13.4 (3.5) | 13.1 (3.9) | 13.5 (3.4) | 0.39 |
| Trans fat, g/d† | 546 | 1.3 (0.59) | 1.3 (0.70) | 1.3 (0.57) | 0.63 |
| Glycemic index† | 546 | 281.4 (76.8) | 281.9 (77.0) | 281.3 (76.8) | 0.95 |
| Fiber, g/d† | 546 | 8.5 (3.0) | 8.9 (3.5) | 8.4 (2.9) | 0.18 |
| Walking, hrs/week | 541 | 5.0 (4.7) | 5.6 (5.6) | 4.9 (4.6) | 0.30 |
| Moderate, hrs/week | 537 | 1.3 (2.5) | 1.6 (3.3) | 1.2 (2.4) | 0.35 |
| Vigorous, hrs/week | 541 | 1.1 (2.1) | 0.91 (2.0) | 1.1 (2.2) | 0.47 |
| Total physical activity, hrs/week | 534 | 7.3 (7.1) | 8.1 (8.5) | 7.2 (6.9) | 0.38 |
| Television viewing, hrs/week | 541 | 11.2 (8.9) | 12.5 (11.4) | 11.0 (8.5) | 0.32 |
| Anthropometrics | |||||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 586 | 24.8 (5.2) | 25.3 (5.4) | 24.8 (5.1) | 0.38 |
| BMI at 3 years postpartum, kg/m2 | 574 | 26.2 (6.1) | 27.1 (6.3) | 26.1 (6.1) | 0.19 |
| Postpartum weight retention at 3 years, kg | 560 | 2.4 (5.4) | 3.5 (6.4) | 2.2 (5.2) | 0.11 |
| Subscapular + triceps skinfold thickness, mm | 577 | 43.9 (15.3) | 48.0 (16.4) | 43.3 (15.1) | 0.01 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 579 | 86.4 (12.4) | 90.1 (14.9) | 85.8 (11.9) | 0.02 |
*
P-value from t-test for continuous and chi-square for categorical characteristics.
†
Energy-adjusted using the nutrient residual method.