Table 4.
Cardio-metabolic markers at three-years postpartum, by average daily sleep duration from 6 months to 1 year postpartum.
| Average Daily Sleep Duration (hours/day), 6 Months to 1 Year Postpartum | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| N | ≤ 5 hours | > 5 hours | |
| Effect Estimate (95% Confidence Interval) | |||
| Hemoglobin A1c | 477 | ||
| Model 1. Unadjusted | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.06) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Model 2. Multivariable Adjusted† | −0.03 (−0.10, 0.04) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Model 3. Model 2 + Postpartum Variables | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.05) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| HOMA-IR* | 147 | ||
| Model 1. Unadjusted | 0.26 (0.04, 0.76) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Model 2. Multivariable Adjusted† | 0.32 (−0.01, 0.79) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Model 3. Model 2 + Postpartum Variables | 0.09 (−0.38, 0.77) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Fasting insulin, u/mL* | 147 | ||
| Model 1. Unadjusted | 1.70 (−0.69, 2.36) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Model 2. Multivariable Adjusted† | 1.46 (−0.87, 4.27) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Model 3. Model 2 + Postpartum Variables | 0.41 (−3.33, 2.36) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 147 | ||
| Model 1. Unadjusted | 2.75 (−4.91,10.40) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Model 2. Multivariable Adjusted† | 2.48 (−5.45,10.40) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Model 3. Model 2 + Postpartum Variables | 3.13 (−4.98, 11.25) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 147 | ||
| Model 1. Unadjusted | 1.16 (−13.70,16.07) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Model 2. Multivariable Adjusted† | −2.08 (−17.40, 13.21) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Model 3. Model 2 + Postpartum Variables | −6.56 (−24.20, 11.03) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 147 | ||
| Model 1. Unadjusted | 2.21 (−11.70,16.07) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Model 2. Multivariable Adjusted† | −0.16 (−14.10, 13.75) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Model 3. Model 2 + Postpartum Variables | −3.19 (−19.50, 13.16) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 147 | ||
| Model 1. Unadjusted | −0.27 (−6.29, 5.74) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Model 2. Multivariable Adjusted† | −1.56 (−7.54, 4.42) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Model 3. Model 2 + Postpartum Variables | −1.92 (−8.90, 5.05) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL* | 147 | ||
| Model 1. Unadjusted | −1.00 (−20.90, 12.64) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Model 2. Multivariable Adjusted† | −10.8 (−23.40, 15.09) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Model 3. Model 2 + Postpartum Variables | −17.2 (−31.4,0, 10.68) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Leptin, ng/mL* | 476 | ||
| Model 1. Unadjusted | 1.57 (−0.75, 5.47) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Model 2. Multivariable Adjusted† | 1.51 (−0.14, 2.51) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Model 3. Model 2 + Postpartum Variables | 1.38 (−0.06, 2.82) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Adiponectin, μg/mL | 478 | ||
| Unadjusted | 0.21 (−2.04, 2.47) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Model 1. Multivariable Adjusted† | 0.18 (−2.05, 2.41) | 0.00 (ref) | |
| Model 2. Model 2 + Postpartum Variables | −0.59 (−2.99, 1.81) | 0.00 (ref) | |
†
Model 2 is adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, parity, pre-pregnancy BMI and excessive gestational weight gain. Model 3 is additionally adjusted for postpartum variables including postpartum depression, breastfeeding duration, diet, physical activity, and TV viewing.
*
Effect estimates for the non-normally distributed variables are from multivariable median regression. Estimates reflect the difference from the median of each outcome associated with sleep duration ≤ 5 hours/day.