TABLE 3.
Antimicrobial and meat class | Resistance breakpointa,b |
E. faecium (n = 825c)
|
E. faecalis (n = 388g)
|
||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIC50a | MIC90a | Rangea | % Resistant | MIC50a | MIC90a | Rangea | % Resistant | ||
Bacitracin | >64 | ||||||||
Turkey | >128 | >128 | ≤8->128 | 96d,e | >128 | >128 | 32->128 | 84d,e | |
Chicken | >128 | >128 | ≤8->128 | 98 | >128 | >128 | 64->128 | 90 | |
Pork | 128 | >128 | ≤8->128 | 72 | 128 | >128 | ≤8->128 | 68 | |
Beef | >128 | >128 | ≤8->128 | 88 | 128 | >128 | 32->128 | 73 | |
Bambermycin | >8 | ||||||||
Turkey | >32 | >32 | ≤1->32 | 100e | 2 | 4 | ≤1-4 | 0e | |
Chicken | >32 | >32 | 16->32 | 100 | 2 | 4 | ≤1->32 | 2.0 | |
Pork | >32 | >32 | 2->32 | 99 | 2 | 4 | ≤1->32 | 1.9 | |
Beef | >32 | >32 | >32 | 100 | 2 | 4 | ≤1-8 | 0 | |
Chloramphenicol | >16 | ||||||||
Turkey | 8 | 16 | ≤2->32 | 0.9 | 8 | 8 | 8-16 | 0 | |
Chicken | 8 | 8 | 4->32 | 0.4 | 8 | 8 | 8-16 | 0 | |
Pork | 8 | 8 | 8-32 | 0.9 | 8 | 8 | 8->32 | 3.1 | |
Beef | 8 | 8 | 8->32 | 0.4 | 8 | 8 | 8-16 | 0 | |
Ciprofloxacin | ≥4 | ||||||||
Turkey | 2 | >4 | 0.25->4 | 41d,e | 1 | 2 | 0.5-2 | 0e | |
Chicken | 2 | 4 | 0.25->4 | 22 | 1 | 2 | 0.5-2 | 0 | |
Pork | 1 | 2 | 0.25->4 | 7.0 | 1 | 2 | 0.5-4 | 0.6 | |
Beef | 1 | 4 | ≤0.12->4 | 19 | 1 | 2 | 0.5-2 | 0 | |
Erythromycin | ≥8 | ||||||||
Turkey | 8 | >8 | ≤0.5->8 | 53d | 1 | >8 | ≤0.5->8 | 42d | |
Chicken | 2 | >8 | ≤0.5->8 | 20 | 1 | >8 | 0.5->8 | 33 | |
Pork | 2 | 4 | ≤0.5->8 | 9.6 | ≤0.5 | 2 | ≤0.5->8 | 8.1 | |
Beef | 2 | 4 | ≤0.5->8 | 8.7 | 1 | 2 | ≤0.5->8 | 4.5 | |
Lincomycin | NAf | ||||||||
Turkey | >32 | >32 | ≤1->32 | NA | >32 | >32 | 16->32 | NA | |
Chicken | >32 | >32 | ≤1->32 | NA | 32 | >32 | ≤1->32 | NA | |
Pork | 8 | 32 | ≤1->32 | NA | 32 | >32 | ≤1->32 | NA | |
Beef | 16 | 32 | ≤1->32 | NA | 32 | >32 | 4->32 | NA | |
Linezolid | ≥8 | ||||||||
Turkey | 2 | 4 | ≤0.5-4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1-4 | 0 | |
Chicken | 2 | 4 | ≤0.5-4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2-4 | 0 | |
Pork | 2 | 4 | ≤0.5-4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | ≤0.5-4 | 0 | |
Beef | 4 | 4 | ≤0.5-4 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |
Nitrofurantoin | ≥128 | ||||||||
Turkey | 64 | 128 | 8->128 | 50e | 16 | 32 | 8-128 | 5.5e | |
Chicken | 128 | >128 | 16->128 | 55 | 16 | 16 | 8-64 | 0 | |
Pork | 64 | 128 | 16->128 | 41 | 16 | 16 | 8-64 | 0 | |
Beef | 128 | 128 | 32->128 | 51 | 16 | 16 | 8-64 | 0 | |
Penicillin | >8 | ||||||||
Turkey | 16 | >16 | ≤0.5->16 | 54d,e | 4 | 4 | 2-8 | 0e | |
Chicken | 4 | >16 | ≤0.5->16 | 23 | 4 | 4 | 2-4 | 0 | |
Pork | 2 | 8 | ≤0.5->16 | 4.4 | 4 | 4 | 2-16 | 0.6 | |
Beef | 4 | 8 | ≤0.5->16 | 2.8 | 4 | 4 | 2-8 | 0 | |
Q-D | ≥4 | ||||||||
Turkey | 4 | 32 | ≤1-32 | 54d,e | 8 | 8 | 4-16 | 100e | |
Chicken | 2 | 16 | ≤1-32 | 27 | 8 | 8 | ≤1-16 | 96 | |
Pork | 2 | 2 | ≤1-8 | 8.8 | 8 | 8 | ≤1-16 | 95 | |
Beef | 2 | 4 | ≤1-16 | 18 | 8 | 8 | ≤1-16 | 97 | |
Salinomycin | >8 | ||||||||
Turkey | 2 | 8 | ≤1-8 | 0 | ≤1 | 4 | ≤1-8 | 0 | |
Chicken | 4 | 8 | ≤1-16 | 1.2 | 2 | 4 | ≤1-16 | 2.0 | |
Pork | 2 | 2 | ≤1-4 | 0 | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤1-2 | 0 | |
Beef | 2 | 2 | ≤1-8 | 0 | ≤1 | 2 | ≤1-4 | 0/PICK> | |
Tetracycline | >8 | ||||||||
Turkey | >32 | >32 | ≤4->32 | 87d,e | >32 | >32 | ≤4->32 | 94d,e | |
Chicken | ≤4 | >32 | ≤4->32 | 43 | >32 | >32 | ≤4->32 | 67 | |
Pork | 32 | >32 | ≤4->32 | 60 | >32 | >32 | ≤4->32 | 89 | |
Beef | ≤4 | >32 | ≤4->32 | 39 | ≤4 | >32 | ≤4->32 | 39 | |
Tylosin | >8 | ||||||||
Turkey | 8 | >32 | 1->32 | 37 | 2 | >32 | 1->32 | 42 | |
Chicken | 4 | >32 | 1->32 | 16 | 2 | >32 | 1->32 | 33 | |
Pork | 4 | 8 | 1->32 | 7.0 | 2 | 4 | 1->32 | 8.1 | |
Beef | 8 | 16 | ≤0.25->32 | 14 | 2 | 4 | 1->32 | 4.6 |
Expressed in micrograms per milliliter except for bacitracin, for which the units are international units (IU) per milliliter.
Resistance breakpoints were those provided by NCCLS for chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, linezolid, nitrofurantoin, penicillin, Q-D, and tetracycline (47) and those suggested for the bambermycin and salinomycin (3) and tylosin and bacitracin (4).
213, 244, 114, and 254 isolates from turkey, chicken, pork, and beef, respectively.
Denotes statistically significant differences among isolates from the different meat types in resistance to the indicated antimicrobial (P < 0.01).
Denotes statistically significant differences between E. faecium and E. faecalis isolates in resistance to the indicated antimicrobial (P < 0.01).
NA, not applicable (no established NCCLS breakpoint).
110, 51, 161, and 66 isolates from turkey, chicken, pork, and beef, respectively.