Table 1.
Novel urinary biomarkers of AKI.
| Biomarker | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Albumin | Filtered-
|
Normal serum constituent |
| Aprotinin | Filtered | Exogenous |
| Cystatin C | Filtered- Impaired tubular absorption | Normal serum constituent |
| β2-microglobulin | Filtered- Impaired tubular absorption | Normal serum constituent |
| Liver Fatty Acid Binding Protein (L-FABP; FABP1) | Pre-formed and Filtered-Impaired tubular absorption | Proximal convoluted tubule cytoplasm |
| Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) | Pre-formed | Proximal tubule brush border |
| γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) | Pre-formed | Proximal tubule brush border |
| α-glutathione S transferase (α-GST) | Pre-formed | Proximal tubule cells |
| π-glutathione S transferase (π-GST) | Pre-formed | Distal tubule cells |
| N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) | Pre-formed | Proximal tubule lysosomes |
| Clusterin | Up-regulated | Proximal tubules in outer medulla (pre-formed in distal tubule) |
| Interleukin 18 (IL-18) | Up-regulated in proximal epithelial cells and recruited macrophages | Pro-inflammatory cytokine |
| Kidney Injury Molecule 1 (KIM-1) | Up-regulated | Proximal tubule cells |
| Netrin-1 | Up-regulated | Tubular epithelial cells |
| Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) | Up-regulated | Distal tubule cells (absorbed in proximal tubule) |
| Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) | Down-regulated | Proximal tubules in outer medulla |