Table 2.
Determinants of change in physical activity in children and adolescents
| Factors | Children aged ≤9 years |
Children aged 10–13 years |
Children aged ≥14 years |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| References | Associations | Summary | References | Associations | Summary | References | Associations | Summary | |
| Biological and demographic | |||||||||
| Gender | 6, 21, 24, 61 | — | — | 18, 22, 23, 24, 27, 32 | — | ?? | 28, 40(f), 45 | 0 | ?? |
| 48, 50, 51, 52 | 0 | ||||||||
| Age (years)/grade | 23, 48, 54 | — | ?? | 28 | — | ?? | |||
| 25(m), 25(f), 47, 51 | 0 | 55(f) | 0 | ||||||
| Developmental stage | 23, 35, 42(m), 63(f) | — | ?? | ||||||
| 42(f), 49(f), 48, 50 | 0 | ||||||||
| Anthropometry | 6, 61(f) | — | ?? | 32, 57, 63(f) | — | 00 | 34(f), 55(f) | 0 | ?? |
| 61(m) | 0 | 50 | ? | ||||||
| 23, 25(m), 25(f), 27(m), 27(f), 47, 48, 51 | 0 | ||||||||
| SES | 6, 44(m) | ++ | ?? | 25(f), 27(f), 50 | ++ | ?? | 60 | ++ | ?? |
| 44(f) | — | 32, 33(m) | — | 24, 53(f) | 0 | ||||
| 21, 24,61(m), 61(f) | 0 | 24, 25(m), 27(m), 33(f), 42(m), 42(f) | 0 | 45 | ? | ||||
| Ethnicity | 61(m), 61(f) | 0 | ?? | 25(m), 27, 58 | — | ?? | 38(f), 53(f) | 0 | 00 |
| 18, 25(f), 42(m), 42(f), 50 | 0 | 60 | ? | ||||||
| Region | 6, 28(m), 28(f) | 0 | ?? | 25(m), 50 | ? | ?? | |||
| 25(f) | 0 | ||||||||
| Urban/rural | 44(m), 44(f) | 0 | ?? | ||||||
| Area deprivation | 32 | 0 | ?? | ||||||
| Weekend days | 62 | — | ?? | ||||||
| Psychological | |||||||||
| Preference for physical activity | 61(f) | ++ | ?? | ||||||
| 61(m) | ? | ||||||||
| Perceived competence | 29(f), 61(m) | ++ | ?? | 35, 51 | — | ?? | 64(m) | ++ | 00 |
| 61(f) | 0 | 18 | ? | 55(f), 64(f) | 0 | ||||
| 31 | 0 | ||||||||
| Physical perception | 61(m), 61(f) | 0 | ?? | 18, 35, 49(f), 51 | ? | ?? | 34(f) | ? | ?? |
| 55(f) | 0 | ||||||||
| Self-worth | 61(m), 61(f) | 0 | ?? | 18 | ? | ?? | 34(f) | ++ | ?? |
| 55(f) | + | ||||||||
| Self-acceptance | 61(m), 61(f) | 0 | ?? | 55(f) | 0 | ?? | |||
| Satisfaction | 22 | 0 | ?? | 34(f), 55(f) | 0 | ?? | |||
| Reward | 22 | 0 | ?? | ||||||
| Self-esteem | 48 | 0 | ?? | 34(f) | 0 | ?? | |||
| Self-efficacy | 25(m), 25(f), 37(m), 37(f), 43 | ++ | ++ | 30, 38(f), 39(f), 41(f), 55(f) | ++ | ++ | |||
| 42(m), 42(f) | ? | 53(f) | 0 | ||||||
| Goal-setting | 41(f) | ++ | ?? | ||||||
| Depressive symptoms | 52 | — | ?? | 55(f) | 0 | ?? | |||
| 35 | ? | ||||||||
| Physical activity attitude | 61(m), 61(f) | 0 | ?? | 18 | 0 | ?? | 41(f) | ++ | 00 |
| 36, 38(f) | 0 | ||||||||
| Physical education attitude | 61(m) | + | ?? | ||||||
| 61(f) | 0 | ||||||||
| Perceived behavioral control | 58 | ++ | ?? | 36, 38(f), 41(f), 53(f) | ++ | ++ | |||
| Intention | 61(m), 61(f) | 0 | ?? | 58 | ++ | ?? | 38(f) | ++ | ?? |
| 36 | 0 | ||||||||
| Enjoyment of physical activity | 37(m), 37(f) | 0 | ?? | 64(m) | ++ | ?? | |||
| 55(f), 64(f) | 0 | ||||||||
| Benefits of physical activity | 55(f) | 0 | ?? | ||||||
| Value of health, appearance, achievements | 54 | ++ | 00 | ||||||
| 48, 52 | 0 | ||||||||
| Maturity fears | 35 | ? | ?? | ||||||
| Exercise knowledge | 37(m), 37(f) | ++ | ?? | ||||||
| Interest in sports media | 37(m), 37(f) | 0 | ?? | ||||||
| Behavioral | |||||||||
| Vigorous physical activity | 28 | – | ?? | ||||||
| Previous physical activity | 22, 25(f), 43 | ++ | ++ | 36 | ++ | ?? | |||
| 25(m) | 0 | ||||||||
| Alcohol consumption | 52 | 0 | ?? | ||||||
| Smoking status | 54 | — | 00 | ||||||
| 25(m), 25(f), 52, 59(f) | 0 | ||||||||
| Sedentary behavior | 61(m), 61(f) | 0 | ?? | 37(m), 37(f), 54, 56 | — | ?? | 55(f) | 0 | ?? |
| 25(m), 25(f), 59(f) | 0 | ||||||||
| Dietary habits | 34(f) | 0 | ?? | ||||||
| Participation In sports teams outside school | 25(m), 25(f) | 0 | ?? | ||||||
| Sociocultural | |||||||||
| Support for physical activity | 30, 39(f), 55(f) | ++ | ++ | ||||||
| Parental attitudes toward physical activity | 26(m), 26(f), 48 | 0 | ?? | ||||||
| Parental/family support | 29(f) | ++ | ?? | 26(m), 26(f) | ? | 00 | 41(f) | ++ | ?? |
| 61(m), 61(f) | 0 | 25(m), 25(f), 33(m), 33(f), 37(m), 37(f), 42(m), 42(f) | 0 | ||||||
| Parental role modeling | 25(m), 25(f), 37(m), 37(f), 42(m), 42(f), 43 | 0 | 00 | ||||||
| 33(m), 33(f) | ? | ||||||||
| Parental co-participation in physical activity | 33(f) | ++ | ?? | ||||||
| 33(m) | |||||||||
| Parental self-efficacy | 37(f) | ++ | ?? | ||||||
| 37(m) | ? | ||||||||
| Parental physical activity | 61(m) | ++ | ?? | 42(m), 42(f), 48 | 0 | 00 | 64(f) | ++ | ?? |
| 61(f) | 0 | 37(m), 37(f) | ? | 64(m) | 0 | ||||
| Parental weight status | 63(f) | 0 | ?? | ||||||
| Sibling physical activity | 33(m) | ++ | ?? | ||||||
| 33(f) | 0 | ||||||||
| Number of siblings | 33(f) | ++ | ?? | ||||||
| 33(m) | 0 | ||||||||
| Peer attitudes | 48 | 0 | ?? | 64(m), 64(f) | ++ | ?? | |||
| Peer social support | 57 | ++ | ?? | ||||||
| 37(f) | ? | ||||||||
| 37(m), 42(m), 42(f) | 0 | ||||||||
| Peer physical activity | 42(m) | ++ | ?? | ||||||
| 42(f) | ? | ||||||||
| Parental marital status | 44(m), 44(f), 61(m), 61(f) | 0 | 00 | 33(m), 33(f), 42(m), 42(f) | 0 | 00 | |||
| Barriers | 37(f) | ? | 00 | 64(f) | — | ?? | |||
| 64(m) | 0 | ||||||||
| 37(m), 48 | 0 | 55(f) | ? | ||||||
| Social group subjective norm | 36, 38(f) | 0 | ?? | ||||||
| Rules for physical activity and sedentary activities | 33(f) | ++ | ?? | ||||||
| 33(m) | 0 | ||||||||
| Physical environmental | |||||||||
| Availability of physical activity infrastructure/equipment | 31(m) | ? | ?? | 33(m), 33(f), 37(m), 37(f) | 0 | 00 | 38(f) | ++ | ?? |
| 36 | ? | ||||||||
| Neighborhood safety | 61(m), 61(f) | 0 | ?? | ||||||
| Aesthetics in the environment | 36 | 0 | ?? | ||||||
| Distance to school | 31(m) | ++ | ?? | 33(m), 33(f) | 0 | ?? | |||
| 31(f) | — | ||||||||
| Road length | 31(m) | ++ | ?? | 31(f) | + | ?? | |||
| 31(f) | 0 | ?? | 31(m), 33(m), 33(f) | 0 | |||||
| Road traffic | 31(m) | — | ?? | 33(m) | — | ?? | |||
| 31(f) | ? | 31(m), 31(f), 33(f) | 0 | ||||||
| Road characteristics | 31(m), 31(f) | ? | ?? | 33(m), 33(f) | 0 | ?? | |||
Note: Associations: ++, positive (p≤0.05); +, positive (p<0.1); −−, negative (p≤0.05); –, negative (p<0.1); ?, indeterminate; 0, no association. Summary Associations: ++, positive; – –, negative; 00, no association; ??, indeterminate. Studies reporting separate findings for boys and girls were indicated with m (boys) and f (girls).