Table 4.
Effect Modification of the Association between Caffeine intake and Incident Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma by Self-Reported Family History of Glaucoma (Multivariable Relative Risks, 95% Confidence Interval and p for interaction)*
| CATEGORIES OF CUMULATIVELY UPDATED CAFFEINE INTAKE (mg/day) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EFFECT MODIFICATION | 0–149 | 150–299 | 300–449 | 450–599 | 600+ | p-trend | p-interaction | |
| All POAG | ||||||||
| Women | ||||||||
| No Family History | 1.00 (ref) | 1.19 (0.90, 1.57) | 1.09 (0.81, 1.46) | 1.08 (0.75, 1.56) | 1.12 (0.73, 1.71) | 0.75 | 0.58 | |
| Positive Family History | 1.00 (ref) | 0.81 (0.54, 1.22) | 1.26 (0.84, 1.88) | 1.24 (0.74, 2.08) | 1.12 (0.63, 1.99) | 0.19 | ||
| Men | ||||||||
| No Family History | 1.00 (ref) | 0.78 (0.53, 1.12) | 1.00 (0.68, 1.48) | 1.06 (0.61, 1.83) | 1.18 (0.65, 2.15) | 0.67 | 0.54 | |
| Positive Family History | 1.00 (ref) | 1.17 (0.63, 2.18) | 2.53 (1.25, 5.16) | 0.88 (0.27, 2.94) | 1.81 (0.52, 6.25) | 0.12 | ||
| Pooled | ||||||||
| No Family History | 1.00 (ref) | 0.98 (0.64, 1.49) | 1.06 (0.84, 1.34) | 1.07 (0.79, 1.45) | 1.14 (0.81, 1.61) | 0.61 | 0.43 | |
| Positive Family History | 1.00 (ref) | 0.90 (0.64, 1.27) | 1.67 (0.85, 3.30) | 1.18 (0.73, 1.89) | 1.22 (0.72, 2.05) | 0.06 | ||
| POAG with IOP≥22 mmHg | ||||||||
| Women | ||||||||
| No Family History | 1.00 (ref) | 1.48 (1.02, 2.13) | 1.35 (0.92, 1.98) | 1.37 (0.87, 2.18) | 1.04 (0.59, 1.83) | 0.64 | 0.15 | |
| Positive Family History | 1.00 (ref) | 1.27 (0.74, 2.17) | 1.87 (1.10, 3.16) | 1.94 (1.01, 3.71) | 2.10 (1.06, 4.16) | 0.006 | ||
| Men | ||||||||
| No Family History | 1.00 (ref) | 0.71 (0.45, 1.11) | 0.75 (0.45, 1.24) | 1.04 (0.55, 1.96) | 0.75 (0.33, 1.71) | 0.39 | 0.11 | |
| Positive Family History | 1.00 (ref) | 1.26 (0.61, 2.57) | 3.58 (1.59, 8.06) | 1.28 (0.37, 4.45) | 1.66 (0.38, 7.15) | 0.06 | ||
| Pooled | ||||||||
| No Family History | 1.00 (ref) | 1.03 (0.50, 2.12) | 1.03 (0.57, 1.84) | 1.25 (0.86, 1.81) | 0.94 (0.59, 1.50) | 0.91 | 0.04 | |
| Positive Family History | 1.00 (ref) | 1.26 (0.82, 1.94) | 2.40 (1.29, 4.47) | 1.77 (1.00, 3.15) | 2.01 (1.08, 3.74) | 0.0009 | ||
*
This analysis was restricted to participants with complete information on family history of glaucoma in the 2000 follow-up questionnaires and who are Caucasians (>95% of the study population). “Family history” was defined as history of any glaucoma in either biological parent or any siblings