Table 3.
Hierarchical Linear Models (HLMs) Predicting Vocabulary Between 54 Months and 15 Years Old (N = 1,364)
|
B (SE) Model 1 |
B (SE) Model 2 |
B (SE) Model 3 |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inter- cept |
Linear slope |
TV deviationa |
Inter- cept |
Linear slope |
TV deviationa |
Inter- cept |
Linear slope |
TV deviationa |
|
| Male | 1.81** | 0.06 | 1.77** | 0.06 | 1.77** | 0.06 | |||
| (0.49) | (0.07) | (0.49) | (0.07) | (0.49) | (0.07) | ||||
| Race | |||||||||
| Black | −5.75*** | −0.23 | −5.57*** | −0.24 | −5.57*** | −0.24 | |||
| (1.12) | (0.16) | (1.12) | (0.17) | (1.12) | (0.17) | ||||
| Other | 1.00 | 0.30* | 1.02 | 0.30* | 1.01 | 0.30* | |||
| (1.13) | (0.15) | (1.13) | (0.15) | (1.13) | (0.15) | ||||
| Maternal education | 0.59** | 0.02 | 0.56** | 0.03 | 0.56** | 0.03 | |||
| (0.16) | (0.02) | (0.16) | (0.02) | (0.16) | (0.02) | ||||
| Squared | −0.04 | −0.01† | −0.04 | −0.01† | −0.04 | −0.01* | |||
| (0.03) | (0.01) | (0.03) | (0.01) | (0.03) | (0.01) | ||||
| Maternal vocabulary | 0.23*** | 0.00 | 0.23*** | 0.00 | 0.23*** | 0.00 | |||
| (0.02) | (0.00) | (0.02) | (0.00) | (0.02) | (0.00) | ||||
| Squared | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | ||||
| Maternal personality | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.13 | 0.00 | |||
| (0.12) | (0.02) | (0.12) | (0.02) | (0.12) | (0.02) | ||||
| Squared | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | ||||
| Childrearing beliefs | −0.02 | 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.00 | |||
| (0.02) | (0.00) | (0.02) | (0.00) | (0.02) | (0.00) | ||||
| Income-to-needs | 0.70** | −0.03 | 0.06 | 0.69** | −0.03 | 0.06 | 0.68** | −0.03 | 0.05 |
| (0.20) | (0.03) | (0.06) | (0.20) | (0.03) | (0.06) | (0.20) | (0.02) | (0.06) | |
| Squared | −0.04* | 0.00 | −0.04* | 0.00 | −0.04* | 0.00 | |||
| (0.02) | (0.00) | (0.02) | (0.00) | (0.02) | (0.00) | ||||
| Mother partnered | −0.55 | −0.09 | −0.45 | −0.09 | −0.45 | −0.09 | |||
| (1.01) | (0.14) | (1.00) | (0.14) | (1.00) | (0.14) | ||||
| Neig. advantage 1–54m | 0.58† | −0.08 | 1.15** | −0.11† | 1.19** | −0.10 | 0.20 | ||
| (0.33) | (0.05) | (0.41) | (0.06) | (0.43) | (0.06) | (0.33) | |||
| Squared | −0.43* | 0.02 | −0.42* | 0.02 | |||||
| (0.19) | (0.03) | (0.19) | (0.03) | ||||||
a
Time-varying deviations are obtained by centering around each child’s initial value of the variable (Time-1 centering, see Singer & Willett 2003, p.176).
***
p < .001;
**
p < .01;
*
p < .05;
†
p < .10.
Note. All models include site as a covariate on the intercept and linear slope. Standard errors in brackets. Neig. = Neighborhood, M = months, TV = Time-varying.