Table 4.
Hierarchical Linear Models (HLMs) Predicting Reading Between 54 Months and 15 Years Old (N = 1,364)
|
B (SE) Model 1 |
B (SE) Model 2 |
B (SE) Model 3 |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inter- cept |
Linear slope |
TV deviationa |
Inter- cept |
Linear slope |
TV deviationa |
Inter- cept |
Linear slope |
TV deviationa |
|
| Male | −3.23** | 0.68** | −3.32** | 0.69** | −3.32** | 0.69** | |||
| (1.02) | (0.19) | (1.03) | (0.19) | (1.03) | (0.19) | ||||
| Race | |||||||||
| Black | −5.57** | −0.31 | −5.19** | −0.36 | −5.18** | −0.36 | |||
| (1.72) | (0.42) | (1.70) | (0.42) | (1.70) | (0.41) | ||||
| Other | 1.73 | −0.41 | 1.77 | −0.41 | 1.77 | −0.42 | |||
| (1.94) | (0.39) | (1.93) | (0.39) | (1.93) | (0.39) | ||||
| Maternal education | 1.36*** | −0.10 | 1.28*** | −0.09 | 1.28* | −0.09 | |||
| (0.32) | (0.06) | (0.32) | (0.06) | (0.32) | (0.06) | ||||
| Squared | −0.14* | 0.01 | −0.14* | 0.01 | −0.14* | 0.01 | |||
| (0.06) | (0.01) | (0.06) | (0.01) | (0.06) | (0.01) | ||||
| Maternal vocabulary | 0.21*** | 0.01 | 0.21* | 0.01 | 0.21*** | 0.01 | |||
| (0.04) | (0.01) | (0.04) | (0.01) | (0.04) | (0.01) | ||||
| Squared | 0.00† | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | ||||
| Maternal personality | 0.09 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.02 | |||
| (0.24) | (0.06) | (0.23) | (0.06) | (0.23) | (0.06) | ||||
| Squared | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | ||||
| Childrearing beliefs | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.01 | |||
| (0.04) | (0.01) | (0.04) | (0.01) | (0.04) | (0.01) | ||||
| Income-to-needs | 1.54** | −0.13 | 0.09 | 1.51** | −0.13 | 0.09 | 1.51** | −0.13 | 0.09 |
| (0.43) | (0.08) | (0.22) | (0.44) | (0.08) | (0.22) | (0.44) | (0.08) | (0.22) | |
| Squared | −0.11** | 0.01 | −0.10* | 0.00 | −0.10* | 0.00 | |||
| (0.04) | (0.01) | (0.04) | (0.01) | (0.04) | (0.01) | ||||
| Mother partnered | −0.20 | 0.22 | 0.02 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.19 | |||
| (1.98) | (0.36) | (1.98) | (0.36) | (1.97) | (0.36) | ||||
| Neig. advantage 1–54m | 1.03† | −0.15 | 2.26** | −0.32† | 2.25** | −0.32 | −0.05 | ||
| (0.58) | (0.14) | (0.72) | (0.17) | (0.74) | (0.19) | (0.71) | |||
| Squared | −0.95** | 0.13† | −0.95** | 0.13† | |||||
| (0.33) | (0.07) | (0.33) | (0.07) | ||||||
a
Time-varying deviations are obtained by centering around each child’s initial value of the variable (Time-1 centering, see Singer & Willett 2003, p.176).
***
p < .001;
**
p < .01;
*
p < .05;
†
p < .10.
Note. All models include site as a covariate on the intercept and linear slope. Standard errors in brackets. Neig. = Neighborhood, M = months, TV = Time-varying