Table 3.

Associations Between Specialty Supplements and Prostate Cancer Defined by Grade Among Male VITAL Participants, 2004–2007 (n=34,608).

	Low-Grade Cases (n = 750)		High-Grade Cases (n = 221)		Non-Cases (n = 33,637)		Low-Grade		High-Grade
Supplement	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%	HR^a	95% CI	HR^a	95% CI
Coenzyme Q10
Non-User	712	94.93	206	93.21	31,828	94.82	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
User	38	5.07	15	6.79	1,737	5.18	0.94	0.67, 1.32	1.08	0.60, 1.95
P-heterogeneity							0.70
Fish Oil^b
Non-User	683	91.07	199	90.05	30,629	91.27	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
User	67	8.93	22	9.95	2,928	8.73	0.96	0.73, 1.25	1.04	0.65, 1.69
P-heterogeneity							0.93
Garlic Pills
Non-User	659	87.87	195	88.24	29,970	89.35	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
User	91	12.13	26	11.76	3,572	10.65	1.10	0.87, 1.38	0.98	0.63, 1.52
P-heterogeneity							0.68
Ginkgo Biloba^c
Non-User	668	89.07	196	89.09	30,318	90.38	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
User	82	10.93	24	10.91	3,226	9.62	1.15	0.90, 1.46	1.16	0.74, 1.82
P-heterogeneity							0.97
Ginseng
Non-User	715	95.33	211	95.91	31,731	94.57	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
User	35	4.67	9	4.09	1,821	5.43	0.89	0.62, 1.27	0.80	0.39, 1.63
P-heterogeneity							0.69
Grapeseed^b
Non-User	735	98.13	214	97.27	32,609	97.11	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
User	14	1.87	6	2.73	971	2.89	0.58	0.33, 1.03	0.82	0.34, 2.00
P-heterogeneity							0.58
Glucosamine^b
Non-User	622	82.93	181	81.90	28,187	83.97	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
User	128	17.07	40	18.10	5,380	16.03	0.97	0.79, 1.19	1.06	0.73, 1.54
P-heterogeneity							0.53
Chondroitin^b
Non-User	667	88.93	199	90.05	30,064	89.54	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
User	83	11.07	22	9.95	3,511	10.46	0.93	0.73, 1.19	0.82	0.51, 1.31
P-heterogeneity							0.74
Saw Palmetto
Non-User	644	85.98	196	89.09	30,159	89.84	1.00	Referent	1.00	Referent
User	105	14.02	23	10.91	3,412	10.16	1.16	0.93, 1.45	0.91	0.58, 1.43
P-heterogeneity							0.34

Abbreviations: HR, Hazards Ratio; CI, Confidence Interval

Adjusted for age, race, education, body mass index, multivitamin use, PSA test, benign prostate biopsy, enlarged prostate, family history of prostate cancer, and diabetes

Additionally adjusted for coronary artery disease (fish oil, grapeseed), memory loss (fish oil, ginkgo biloba), osteoarthritis (glucosamine, chondroitin), chronic joint pain (glucosamine, chondroitin)