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. 2010 Dec 9;11(12):5109–5119. doi: 10.3390/ijms11125109

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© 2010 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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Figure 1. — Astaxanthin stimulates cell proliferation of NPCs. (A) Proliferation of NPCs treated with different concentrations of astaxanthin (ASX) for 3 days were assessed by trypan blue exclusion. Application of astaxanthin for 3 days significantly increased proliferation of NPCs in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with the Fisher test or t-test (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01); (B) A clonogenic (CFU) assay was performed to estimate proliferation efficiency of astaxanthin-treated NPCs. In the CFU assay, 10 ng/mL astaxanthin-treated NPCs showed an approximately 2-fold increase in colony formation compared with control NPCs. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with the Fisher test or t-test (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01).