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. 2010 Dec 9;11(12):5109–5119. doi: 10.3390/ijms11125109

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© 2010 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

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Figure 2. — Astaxanthin induces active expression of several functional genes and stemness genes, and proliferation-related signal proteins in NPCs. (A) Astaxanthin induced upregulation of proliferation-related transcription factors (Rex1, CDK1, and CDK2), coupled with overexpression of stemness genes (OCT4, SOX2, Nanog, and KLF4); (B) Astaxanthin induced significant activation of PI3K and its downstream mediators, p-Rac, p-c-Raf, p-MEK, p-ERK, p-Akt, p-mTOR, and p-Stat3 in a time-dependent manner.