Table 1.
Antimicrobial properties of rhamnolipids.
| Organisms affected | Observed effects | RL application | RL origin | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fungi | ||||
| Alternaria alternata | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa LBI | [9] |
| Alternaria mali | growth inhibition (MIC) | Rha-Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa strain B5 | [17] |
| Aspergillus niger | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa LBI | [9] |
| Aureobasidium pullulans | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa LBI | [9] |
| Botrytis cinerea | growth inhibition (MIC) | Rha-Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa strain B5 | [17] |
| growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa 47T2 | [10] | |
| inhibition of spore germination and mycelium growth | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10 (Jeneil Biosurfactant Company JBR599) | P. aeruginosa | [23] | |
| Candida albicans | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa LBI | [9] |
| Cercospora kikuchii | growth inhibition (MIC) | Rha-Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa strain B5 | [17] |
| Chaetonium globosum | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa 47T2 | [10] |
| growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa LBI | [9] | |
| Cladosporium cucumerinum | growth inhibition (MIC) | Rha-Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa strain B5 | [17] |
| Colletotrichum orbiculare | growth inhibition (MIC) | Rha-Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa strain B5 | [17] |
| Cylindrocarpon destructans | growth inhibition (MIC) | Rha-Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa strain B5 | [17] |
| Didymella bryoniae | growth inhibition (MIC) | Rha-Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa strain B5 | [17] |
| Fusarium solani | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa 47T2 | [10] |
| Fusarium sp. | growth inhibition (MIC) | Rha-Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa strain B5 | [17] |
| growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa 47T2 | [10] | |
| Gliocadium virens | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa 47T2 | [10] |
| growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa LBI | [9] | |
| Magnaporthe grisea | growth inhibition (MIC) | Rha-Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa strain B5 | [17] |
| Mucor miehei | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa LBI | [12] |
| Neurospora crassa | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa LBI | [12] |
| Penicillium funiculosum | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa 47T2 | [10] |
| growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa LBI | [9] | |
| Phytophthora sp. | zoospore lysis by RL intercalation into membrane | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa | [21] |
| growth inhibition (MIC), lytic effect on zoospores | Rha-Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa strain B5 | [17] | |
| zoospore motility inhibition, zoospore lysis, hyphae growth inhibition | nd | nd | [22] | |
| reduction of disease incidence and of disease severity | biosurfactant PRO1 (formulation of 25% Rls) Plant support (the Netherlands) | P. aeruginosa | [16] | |
| reduction of damping-off disease | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C10:1, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1, Rha-C10-C12:1, Rha-C10-C12, Rha-Rha-C10-C12, Rha-Rha-C10-C8, Rha-C8-C10, Rha-Rha-C8-C10, Rha-Rha-C12-C12, Rha-Rha-C12-C12:1) | Pseudomonas sp. GRP3 | [19] | |
| Pythium sp. | zoospore lysis by RL intercalation into membrane | nd | P. aeruginosa | [21] |
| zoospore motility inhibition, zoospore lysis, hyphae growth inhibition | nd | nd | [22] | |
| reduction of damping-off disease | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C10:1, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1, Rha-C10-C12:1, Rha-C10-C12, Rha-Rha-C10-C12, Rha-Rha-C10-C8, Rha-C8-C10, Rha-Rha-C8-C10, Rha-Rha-C12-C12, Rha-Rha-C12-C12:1) | Pseudomonas sp. GRP3 | [19] | |
| mycelial growth inhibition, reduction of disease symptoms, hyphae damages | RL-deficient mutant | P. aeruginosa PA01 | [18] | |
| Rhizoctonia solani | growth inhibition (MIC) | Rha-Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa strain B5 | [17] |
| growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa 47T2 | [10] | |
| Bacteria | ||||
| Gram-negative | ||||
| Enterobacter aerogenes | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa 47T2 | [10] |
| growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa LBI | [9] | |
| Erwinina carotovora | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa 47T2 | [10] |
| Escherichia coli | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa 47T2 | [10] |
| growth inhibition (MIC) | nd | P. fluorescens HW-6 | [13] | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa 47T2 | [10] |
| Proteus mirabilis | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa LBI | [9] |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa LBI | [9] |
| increase in released proteins | Biosurfactant PS (rhamnolipid+alginate) | Pseudomonas sp. S-17 | [20] | |
| reduction of LPS contents, increase in cell hydrophobicity and in extracellular protein release, changes in outer membrane proteins | Biosurfactant PS (rhamnolipid+alginate) | Pseudomonas sp. S-17 | [15] | |
| growth inhibition, increase in cell permeability and in released proteins | nd | P. fluorescens HW-6 | [13] | |
| Ralstonia solanacearum | growth inhibition (MIC) | Rha-Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa strain B5 | [17] |
| Salmonella thyphimurium | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa LBI | [9] |
| Serratia marcescens | growth inhibition (MIC) | Rha-Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa strain B5 | [17] |
| growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa 47T2 | [10] | |
| Xanthomonas campestris | growth inhibition (MIC) | Rha-Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa strain B5 | [17] |
| Gram-positive | ||||
| Bacillus cereus | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa 47T2 | [10] |
| growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa LBI | [9] | |
| growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa LBI | [12] | |
| Bacillus sp. | growth inhibition (MIC) | nd | P. fluorescens HW-6 | [13] |
| Bacillus subtilis | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa 47T2 | [10] |
| growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa LBI | [9] | |
| Micrococcus luteus | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa 47T2 | [10] |
| growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa LBI | [9] | |
| growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa LBI | [12] | |
| Staphylococcus aureus | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa 47T2 | [10] |
| growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa LBI | [12] | |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa 47T2 | [10] |
| Streptococcus faecalis | growth inhibition (MIC) | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10, Rha-Rha-C10-C12:1 | P. aeruginosa LBI | [9] |
| Amoeba(Dictyostelium discoideum) | growth inhibition, cell lysis | Rhl quorum-sensing mutants | P. aeruginosa PA01 | [24] |
| Algae(Heterosigma akashiwo) | growth inhibition, cell lysis, plasma membrane and organelles damages, condensation of chromatin | RL mixture: Rha-Rha-C10-C10, Rha-C10-C10 | P. aeruginosa | [29] |
| Virus | ||||
| potato virus X, red clover mottle virus | reduction of local lesions, reduction of virus number | nd | nd | [25] |
| herpes simplex virus HSV) | inhibition of cytopathic effects | biosurfactant PS-17 (rhamnolipid+alginate) | Pseudomonas sp. S-17 | [27] |
MIC: minimum inhibitory concentrations ; nd : not done or not communicated