Table 2.

Summary of association between oral conditions and CVD in three longitudinal studies with negative findings

Source, year, total no. of subjects	Country (follow-up period)	Exposure	Outcome	Measure of association	Adjusted for potential confounders
Joshipura and colleagues,[25] 1996 44,119 (male health professionals)	United States (6 years)	Reported history of PD in men	Fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction and sudden death	RR*=1.04	Age, BMI**, exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption, vitamin E use, family history of MI before age 60 years
Hujoel and colleagues,[31] 2000 8032 dentate adults	United States (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I: 21 years)	Gingivitis and periodontitis (>1-mm pockets) by Russel’s periodontal index	Death or hospitalization due to CHD$ or revascularization	Gingivitis HR%=NS#; periodontitis HR=1.14	Age, age squared, sex, race, poverty index, marital status, education, marital status/sex+, log++ smoking duration, log height and weight log alcohol use per day, physical activity, nervous breakdown, sample design
Howell and colleagues,[32] 2001 22,0711 (U.S. male physicians)	United States (12.3 years)	Reported history of PD	Death due to CHD, non-fatal myocardial infarction or stroke	RR=1.13 (confidence limits: 0.99-1.28) adjusted for age and treatment; RR=1.01 (confidence limits: 0.88–1.15) fully adjusted	Age, aspirin and beta carotene treatment assignment, smoking, alcohol use, history of hypertension, BMI, history of diabetes, physical activity, parental history of MI, history of angina

RR^* = Relative risk

BMI^** = Body mass index

CHD $ = Coronary heart disease

HR^% = Hazard Ratio

NS^# = Not significant

⁺Marital Status / Sex = Interaction between marital status and sex

⁺⁺Log = Logarithm; 17S, JADA, Vol133, June2002