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Noncrop biodiversity in smallholder cacao agroforests does not decrease with yield in (A) trees, (C) endophytic fungi, (D) butterflies, (E) ants, (F) spiders, (G) birds, (H) rats, and (I) amphibians, but decreases significantly in (B) herbs. Broken lines are intercept-only linear models. Morphospecies richness is indicated for endophytic fungi, ants and spiders. n = 43 for tree, butterfly, ant, bird, amphibian, and reptile data; n = 22 for endophytic fungi, spider, and rat data.
