Table 1.
Overview of the directions of effects of management variables on total species richness observed and yield based on field study plots
| Management variables | Species richness | Yield |
| Percent cover by shade trees | Herbs – Endemic birds – | — |
| Number of tall trees (>10 m tall) | Butterflies (–) Birds + | |
| Forest tree species richness | Herbs + | |
| Frequent weeding | Herbs – Birds – | |
| Leaf-litter thickness | Amphibians and reptiles + Endemic birds (+) | |
| Dead wood | Herbs + Amphibians and reptiles (+) | (–) |
| Distance to forest | Trees – Endemic birds – | (+) |
| Labor | (Not available) | + |
| Inputs (pesticides, herbicides) | (Not available) | + |