Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 May 24.
Published in final edited form as: Circulation. 2011 May 9;123(20):2204–2212. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.018028

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Study protocols. A, For dogs without rapid atrial pacing (Group 1, N=6), one week of baseline recording was performed two weeks after surgery. Chronic low-level vagus nerve stimulation (LL-VNS) was then performed for one week. After LL-VNS terminated, nerve activities were recorded for another week before euthanasia. B, For dogs undergoing intermittent rapid atrial pacing (Group 2, N=6), after 2 weeks of postoperative recovery, nerve activities and heart rhythm were recorded for 1 day before the onset of pacing. High-rate (640 bpm) atrial pacing was then given for 6 days, followed by 1 day of pacing-free recording. During this recording period only, active or sham stimulation sessions were given on alternate weeks. This protocol was repeated until sustained AF was documented. LL-VNS, low-level vagus nerve stimulation; AF, atrial fibrillation.