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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 May 24.
Published in final edited form as: Circulation. 2011 May 9;123(20):2204–2212. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.018028

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Effects of LL-VNS on paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmias. A, Chronic LL-VNS significantly prevented the occurrence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). B, An example of PAF that shows fast and irregular ventricular responses and fractionated atrial electrograms (inset). The PAF episodes were following burst firings of SGNA, VNA and SLGPNA (arrowheads). C, LL-VNS also significantly prevented the occurrence of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT). D, An example of PAT shows that following burst firings of SGNA, VNA and SLGPNA (arrowheads), the atrial rate abruptly accelerated to 228 bpm and lasted for more than 20 sec. As contrasted to PAF, the atrial local electrograms in PAT were regular (inset). * P<0.05 comparing active LL-VNS with sham. PAF, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; PAT, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia.