Table 3.

Clinical parameters that represent risk factors for pulmonary complications after gastrointestinal surgery

Patient-related factors

Congestive heart failure

ASA score ≥2

Age >60 years

COPD

Functional dependence

Procedure-related factors

Abdominal surgery

Thoracic surgery

Surgery lasting >3 h

Emergency surgery

General anaesthesia

Laboratory-test-related factors

Serum albumin concn <3.0 g/dl

ASA American Society of Anaesthesiologists; concn concentration; COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease