Table 1.
Binary Logistic Regression Models for Participation by Impairment/Activity Limitations and Built Environment Characteristics
| Impairment/Activity Limitation | Urban Environment | Impairment/Activity Limitation x Environment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coeff. | OR (95% CI) | Coeff. | OR (95% CI) | Coeff. | OR (95% CI) | |
| Model for Interpersonal Interaction1 | ||||||
| Intercept | 1.64*** | 1.29*** | 1.69*** | |||
| Impairments/Activity Limitations | ||||||
| Visual Impairment | −.22* | .81 (.68–.96) | −.24** | .78 (.65–.94) | ||
| Hearing Impairment | −.09 | .91 (.77–1.1) | −.08 | .93 (.78–1.1) | ||
| Difficulty with Mobility Activities | −.07 | .93 (.56–1.5) | −.23 | .80 (.48–1.3) | ||
| Any Difficulty Walking 2–3 blocks | −.65*** | .52 (.35–.77) | −.55** | .58 (.39–.86) | ||
| Built Environment Characteristics | ||||||
| Streets in Poor Condition | −.05 | .95 (.83–1.1) | −.01 | .99 (.86–1.1) | ||
| Heavy Traffic | .23** | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | .23** | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | ||
| Neighborhood Social Disorder | −.28*** | .75 (.65–.88) | −.23** | .79 (.68–.93) | ||
| Residential Security | .03 | 1.0 (.9–1.2) | −.06 | .94 (.79–1.1) | ||
| Public Transit Line Nearby | −.09 | .91 (.64–1.3) | −.12 | .89 (.61–1.3) | ||
| Impairment x Environ Interactions | ||||||
| Walking Difficulty x Res Security | .32* | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Model for Obtaining Health Care2 | ||||||
| Intercept | .08 | .01 | .05 | |||
| Impairments/Activity Limitations | ||||||
| Visual Impairment | −.30*** | .74 (.63–.87) | −.32*** | .73 (.61–.86) | ||
| Hearing Impairment | .09 | 1.1 (.93–1.3) | .10 | 1.1 (.94–1.3) | ||
| Difficulty with Mobility Activities | −.09 | .92 (.57–1.5) | −.12 | .89 (.55–1.4) | ||
| Any Difficulty Walking 2–3 blocks | −.33 | .72 (.50–1.0) | −.33 | .72 (.50–1.0) | ||
| Built Environment Characteristics | ||||||
| Streets in Poor Condition | −.01 | .99 (.88–1.1) | .01 | 1.0 (.89–1.1) | ||
| Heavy Traffic | −.05 | .95 (.85–1.1) | .03 | 1.0 (.89–1.2) | ||
| Neighborhood Social Disorder | −.21*** | .82 (.72–.92) | −.17** | .85 (.74–.96) | ||
| Residential Security | .03 | 1.0 (.91–1.2) | .03 | 1.0 (.91–1.2) | ||
| Public Transit Line Nearby | .04 | 1.0 (.77–1.4) | .02 | 1.0 (.75–1.4) | ||
| Impairment x Environ Interactions | ||||||
| Visual Impairment x Heavy Traffic | −.20* | .82 (.68–.97) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Model for Voting3 | ||||||
| Intercept | 1.23*** | 1.46*** | 1.33*** | |||
| Impairments/Activity Limitations | ||||||
| Visual Impairment | −.10 | .91 (.73–1.1) | −.12 | .89 (.72–1.1) | ||
| Hearing Impairment | .18 | 1.2 (.94–1.5) | .19 | 1.2 (.95–1.5) | ||
| Difficulty with Mobility Activities | −.63 | .53 (.26–1.1) | −.62 | .54 (.27–1.1) | ||
| Any Difficulty Walking 2–3 blocks | .54 | 1.7 (.98–3.0) | .58 | 1.8 (.99–3.2) | ||
| Built Environment Characteristics | ||||||
| Streets in Poor Condition | .22* | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | .28** | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | ||
| Heavy Traffic | .18 | 1.2 (.98–1.4) | .17 | 1.2 (1.0–1.3) | ||
| Neighborhood Social Disorder | −.13 | .88 (.69–1.1) | −.14 | .86 (.67–1.1) | ||
| Residential Security | .08 | 1.1 (.93–1.3) | .10 | 1.1 (.92–1.3) | ||
| Public Transit Line Nearby | −.35 | .71 (.44–1.2) | −.36 | .70 (.44–1.1) | ||
| Impairment x Environ Interactions | ||||||
| Mobility Difficulty x Street Conditions | −.66** | .52 (.31–.87) | ||||
*
p<.05
**
p<.01
***
p<.001 (two-tailed tests) OR = odds ratio CI = confidence interval
1
Reference group is never or rarely engaging in interpersonal interaction; single level model at block group level
2
Reference group is no preventive health care (no cholesterol check, no blood pressure exam, and no physical exam) in past 2 years; single level model at block group level
3
Reference group is not voting in past mayoral or federal elections; multilevel model at tract level