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. 2011 Mar 22;104(9):1401–1409. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2011.88

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Copyright © 2011 Cancer Research UK

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Factor VII-targeted photodynamic therapy (fVII-tPDT) induces significantly stronger levels of apoptosis and necrosis in MCF-7/MDR cancer cells compared with ntPDT. Necrosis (cytotoxicity) (A) and apoptosis (B) were detected in fVII-tPDT (2 μM SnCe6 and 36 J cm^–2)-treated MCF-7/MDR cells. (C) Apoptosis and necrosis were visualised by immunofluorescence staining in fVII-tPDT (2 μM SnCe6 and 36 J cm^–2)-treated MCF-7/MDR cells. Note that the fVII-tPDT-treated MCF-7/MDR cells were positively stained for necrosis (red in the nuclei) and apoptosis (green), whereas the ntPDT using unconjugated SnCe6 (2 μM, 36 J cm^–2)-treated cells and the untreated control cells did not show any staining for apoptosis and necrosis. Note that the fVII-tPDT-treated MCF-7/MDR cells were clearly damaged, whereas the ntPDT-treated and untreated control cells were intact (phase contrast). Original magnification × 400.