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. 2011 May 25;6(5):e19895. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019895

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Tanaka et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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Calculated for pair of feedback strength and . KLK production rate is higher at the bottom right corner. (Top) Bifurcation patterns with colours corresponding to those in Fig. 4A. Stronger KLK activation results in more severe symptoms of irreversible bistability. (Middle) Inflammation threshold for bistability patterns; for monostability patterns. (Bottom) Range of bistability for reversible bistability; for other patterns. The inflammation is more persistent ( is larger) with stronger KLK activation. A: Comparison for HC, AD-LEKTI, and AD-pH. AD conditions exhibit smaller and more severe symptoms than HC. B: Comparison for different degradation rates for KLK5 and KLK5* in HC with (nominal), and . Slower KLK5 degradation (smaller ) results in the stronger KLK activity and shows similar effects as in AD-pH condition leading to more irreversible bistability patterns and lower threshold values. C: Comparison for different degradation rates for PAR2 and PAR2* in HC with (nominal) and . Slower PAR2 degradation (smaller ) results in the stronger inflammation and shows similar effects as in AD-LEKTI condition leading to more irreversible bistability patterns and little changes in threshold values.

Inline graphic — Calculated for pair of feedback strength and . KLK production rate is higher at the bottom right corner. (Top) Bifurcation patterns with colours corresponding to those in Fig. 4A. Stronger KLK activation results in more severe symptoms of irreversible bistability. (Middle) Inflammation threshold for bistability patterns; for monostability patterns. (Bottom) Range of bistability for reversible bistability; for other patterns. The inflammation is more persistent ( is larger) with stronger KLK activation. A: Comparison for HC, AD-LEKTI, and AD-pH. AD conditions exhibit smaller and more severe symptoms than HC. B: Comparison for different degradation rates for KLK5 and KLK5* in HC with (nominal), and . Slower KLK5 degradation (smaller ) results in the stronger KLK activity and shows similar effects as in AD-pH condition leading to more irreversible bistability patterns and lower threshold values. C: Comparison for different degradation rates for PAR2 and PAR2* in HC with (nominal) and . Slower PAR2 degradation (smaller ) results in the stronger inflammation and shows similar effects as in AD-LEKTI condition leading to more irreversible bistability patterns and little changes in threshold values.