Table 2. The efficiency on suppression of primary hosts by autoparasitoids alone or in combination with primary parasitoids in biological control programs.

Parasitoid species	Male developmenta	Primary hosts	Evaluation as biological control agentb	Reference
Coccophagoides utilis Doutt	C	Parlatoria oleae (Colvee)	+ +	36
Coccophagus gurneyiCompere	H-C	Pseudococcus calceolariae (Mask.)		8, 37
C. lycimnia (Walker)	H-C	Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana)	+ −	38
		Toumeyella pini (King)	+ +	39
C. sp. nr gurneyi	H	Lantana montevidensis (Spreng)	+	40
C. cowperi Girault	H-C	Pulvinariella mesembryanthemis (Vallot)	+	29
Encarsia sp.	H-C	B. tabaci (Gennadius)	+ −	8
Encarsia sp.	C	B. tabaci	+ +	8
En. bimaculata(Heraty & Polaszek)	H-C	B. tabaci	+	41
En. lahorensis (Howard)	H-C	Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead)	+ +	42
En. opulenta (Silv.)	C	Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby	+ +	17, 35
En. pergandiella Howard	H-C	B. argentifolii Bellows&Perring	+ + +	16
En. perniciosi (Tower)	H-C	Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock)	+	8
		Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.)	+ +	43
En. smithi (Silv.)	H-C	A. spiniferus (Quaintance)	+	8
		A. woglumi Ashby	+ −	35
En. sophia (Girault&Dodd)	H-C	B. argentifolii	+ + +	7
		Parabemisia myricae (Kuwana)	+ +	8
En. sublutea Silv.	H-C	B. tabaci	+ +	44
En. tricolor Forster	H-C	Aleyrodes proletella L.	+ −	45
Physcus seminotus Silv.	H-C	Aulacaspis tegalensis (Zhnt.)	+ +	46
P. subflavus Annecke&Insley	H-C	A. tegalensis (Zhnt.)	+	47
Zatropis capitis Burks	H-C	Rhopalomyia californica Felt	+ + +	5

^aC: Males develop on conspecifics only; H: Males develop on heterospecifics only; H–C: Males may develop on heterospecifics or on conspecifics.

^b+: A potential biological control agent; + +: No disruption on the suppression of primary hosts; + −: Disrupt suppression of primary hosts in combination with primary parasitoids; + + +: Suppress more primary hosts in combination with primary parasitoids.