Table 3.

Associations between Observed and Reported Parent-Child Conflict and Observed and Reported Adolescent Acting-Out, by Adoption Status

	Self-Reported Acting-Out	Observed Acting-Out Overall	Observed Acting-Out Toward Parents	Observed Acting-Out Toward Sibling
Reported Parent-   Child Conflict
Adopted	.40** (n = 390)	.26** (n = 396)	.26** (n = 396)	.23** (n = 396)
Non-adopted	.32** (n = 312)	.14* (n = 318)	.17** (n = 318)	.09 (n = 318)
Observed Coercive       Parenting
Adopted	.09 (n = 390)	.33** (n = 396)	.33** (n = 396)	.30** (n = 396)
Non-adopted	.15** (n = 312)	.33** (n = 318)	.34** (n = 318)	.29** (n = 318)

Note. Phenotypic correlations are reported for adopted adolescents (those who do not share genes with their parents) and nonadopted adolescents (those who do share genes with their parents). To adjust for the nonindependence of the observations, we used number of families to determine significance (note that families with both an adopted and a non-adopted child are therefore represented twice, whereas families with two adopted or two non-adopted children are represented only once).

n = number of families

^*p < .05

^**p < .01