Table 1.

Summary of elements common to cortical circuits (Shepherd, 1988).

Pyramidal cells with apical and basal dendrites;
Excitatory inputs to distal dendritic spines of pyramidal cells;
Feedforward inhibition through inhibitory interneurons;
Feedback and lateral inhibition through pyramidal cell axon collaterals;
Feedback excitation through pyramidal cell axon collaterals;
Modulation of pyramidal cell activity through layered inputs to apical dendrite and soma.