Table 1.

Methods for Reduction or Correction of Parasitic Electrode Properties

Method:		Description:	Used and Explained by:
A.	Mathematical subtraction	Estimate EPI from modelling and subtract from measurement data	[1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11]
B.	Electrode distance variation	Eliminate homogenous sample contribution by measuring with different distances between the electrodes	[2, 12]
C.	Substitution method	Sample is substituted with a calibration solution with known properties to estimate the EPI	[2, 3, 9, 11]
D.	4-electrode	Separate electrode pairs for excitation and pick-up eliminate current in the pick-up electrodes and the EPI is not included in the measurement.	[15, 16]
E.	Increased current density	Current density above the linear region may reduce the EPI significantly	[2, p 282, 12]
F.	Electrode modification	Modification of electrode properties for enhanced quality and less EPI	[1, 2, 7, 11]
G.	Reduction of sample conductivity	EPI is less pronounced in low conductive media measurements	[2]
H.	Electrode-less excitation by magnetic induction	The electrodes and their parasitic properties can be avoided by using a coil and magnetic induction for excitation and measurement.	[11, 17]
I.	Coupling fluid	The electrodes can be moved out of the current field or be enlarged by using a conductive coupling fluid to establish contact to the sample	[5]