Fig. 2.

The net emission transfers between non-Annex B and Annex B countries using the TSTRD, EEBT, and MRIO methods. The change in the net emission transfers over time are compared with the Kyoto Protocol emission reduction target of ∼5% relative to 1990 (red line) and the average net emission transfer from 1990 to 2008 (black line). The EEBT and MRIO methods give a larger net emission transfer from non-Annex B to Annex B countries, signifying that the TSTRD method is conservative. The MRIO is larger than the EEBT method as the MRIO considers global supply chains (see text).