Table 1.

SERS substrates and analytes

Metallic nanostructures	Analytes	Detection limits	Ref.
Rough electrodes
Au electrode	Fluoroacetate anions	N.A.	23
	Polypyrrole	N.A.	35,36
	Ethylene	N.A.	37
	Benzonitrile	N.A.	38
	Bombesin	N.A.	39
	Pyridoxine	N.A.	40
Ag electrode	Pyridine	N.A.	4,41
	Bombesin-like peptides	N.A.	39,42
	Single-walled carbon nanotubes	N.A.	43
	Flavone and hydroxy derivatives	N.A.	44
	Isonicotinic acid	N.A.	45
	Benzonitrile	N.A.	38
	α-Aminophosphinic acids	N.A.	46
	Phosphonate derivatives of imidazole, thiazole, and pyridine	N.A.	47
Supported 1D nanoarray
Ag NPs on single-walled carbon nanotube	Single-walled carbon nanotube	N.A.	48
Au–Ag core-shell NPs on multi-walled carbon nanotube	Adenine and 4-aminothiophenol	N.A.	28
Supported 2D nanoarray
Ag NPs on Ag surface	Pyridine, pyrazine and benzene	N.A.	49
Ag island film	N,N′-Bis(neopentyl)-3,4,9,10-perylenebis(dicarboximide)	Single molecule	50
TiO2 NPs on Au surface	Polypyrrole	N.A.	51
Au NPs in Si microholes	Rhodamine 6G	1 × 10–8 M	52
Ag NPs in Si microholes	Rhodamine 6G	1 × 10–10 M	52
Pd nanostructures on flat film	4-Mercaptopyridine	N.A.	53
SiO2–Ag “post-cap” nanostructure	trans-1,2-Bis(4pyridyl)ethane	N.A.	54
Ag on cicada wing	Rhodamine 6G	N.A.	55
Ag elliptical arrsay on Si wafer	Rhodamine 6G	N.A.	56
Au on polystyrene nanosphere arrays	Crystal violet and urine	N.A.	57
Ag nanoarrays on poly(dimethylsiloxane)	Crystal violet	1 × 10–8 M	58
	Mitoxantrone	1 × 10–9 M
Ag dot dimer arrays	4,4′-Bipyridine and 2,2′-bipyridine	N.A.	59
Ag NPs on silica rods arrays	4-Aminobenzenethiol	N.A.	60
Supported 3D nanoarray
Ag NPs on aluminium oxide	4-Mercaptopyridine	1 × 10–6 M	61
Nanoporous Cu and Ni	Rhodamine 6G	1 × 10–8 M	29
Au nanostructures on polyaniline membranes	4-Mercaptobenzoic acid	N.A.	62
Ag-coated silica beads	r-IgG	1 × 10–10 g mL–1	63
Au–Ag core-shell NPs on Fe3O4 hybrid nanospheres	4-Aminothiophenol	N.A.	64
NPs suspension
Ag NPs	Rhodamine 6G	Single molecule	8
	Crystal violet	Single molecule	9
	Bombesin-like peptides	N.A.	65
	Flavone and hydroxy derivatives	N.A.	44
	Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and calixarenes	1 × 10–8 M	66
	2,4,6-TNT	<1 × 10–10 g	26
	Phenylacetic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, 4-phenylbutyric acid, 5-phenylvaleric acid, and 6-phenylhexanoic acid	N.A.	67
	Pyrene	1 × 10–7 M	68
	Triphenylene	1 × 10–7 M	69
	1,10-Phenanthroline	N.A.	70
Au NPs	2,2′-Biquinoline and 8-hydroxyquinoline	N.A.	71
	2,4,6-TNT	<1 × 10–10 g	26
	Poly(4-vinylpyridine)	N.A.	72
	Phenyldithioester	N.A.	73
Star-shaped Au NPs	1-Naphthalenethiol, AlexaFluor 750, and phenol	N.A.	74
Au–Ag core-shell NPs	1,10-Phenanthroline	N.A.	75
Ag–Au core-shell NPs	1,10-Phenanthroline	N.A.	75
Au-SiO2 core-shell NPs	Nile blue A, toluidine blue O, and methylene blue	N.A.	76
TiO2-core Au-shell NPs	meso-Tetra(4-carboxylphenyl) porphine, tris(2,2′-bipyridyl) ruthenium(ii) chloride and Rhodamine 6G (R6G)	N.A.	77
Other substrates
Electromigrated nanoscale Au gaps	p-Mercaptoaniline	<100 molecules	78
Sphere segment void Au surface	Benzenethiol	N.A.	79
	Cy3 and Cy5	N.A.	80
Fe, Co, and Ni electrodes	1,10-Phenanthroline	N.A.	32
Au@Pt NPs film electrodes	CO, H2 and benzene	N.A.	81
Rh and Pd surfaces	Adenine	N.A.	31
Ni electrode	Pyridine	N.A.	82
TiO2 NPs	4-Mercaptobenzoic acid	1 × 10–5 M	33
Ag NPs dimers	4-Methylbenzenethiol	N.A.	83
Metal coated tip	Single-walled carbon nanotube	1 tube	84
Double-hole nanostructure in metal film	Oxazine 720	~20 molecules	85