Table 2.
SERS detection of biomedical samples
| Samples | Substrates | Detection limits | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Biomolecules | |||
| Calf-thymus DNA and herring sperm DNA | Ag NPs | N.A. | 100 |
| Insulin | Adaptive silver films | N.A. | 101 |
| Adenine, adenine phosphate and polyadenine | Films of Au nanoshells on quartz and silicon | N.A. | 102 |
| Adenine | Au electrode | 1 × 10–14 M | 103 |
| Ag NPs | Single molecule | 10 | |
| Pterins | Ag NPs | 1 × 10–9 M | 104 |
| Lysozyme, ribonuclease-B, bovin serum albumin and myoglobin | Au nanograin-aggregate array | N.A. | 87 |
| Aromatic peptides | Au nanoshells | N.A. | 105 |
| Hairpin ribozyme RNA | Ag NPs | N.A. | 106 |
| Adenosine triphosphate, hemoglobin and myoglobin | Ag–Au core-shell NPs | N.A. | 107 |
| Albumins | Ag NPs | N.A. | 108 |
| Lysozyme | Au NPs and Ag NPs | N.A. | 109 |
| Cytochrome c | Anodized Al oxide films | N.A. | 110 |
| Au film covered Ag electrode | N.A. | 91 | |
| Phenylalanine and antifreeze glycoprotein | Ag-coated porous substrate | N.A. | 111 |
| Cytochrome c and heme protein | Ag tip | N.A. | 112 |
| Herring sperm DNA | Ag NPs | N.A. | 88 |
| Glucose | Alkanethiol modified Ag substrate | N.A. | 113,114 |
| Human integrins | Ag NPs | 3 × 10–8 M | 115 |
| Phospholipids | Ag NPs | N.A. | 116 |
| Cells | |||
| HT29 intestinal epithelial cells | Au NPs | Subcellular level | 92 |
| E. coli and B. cereus | Metalized poly(p-xylylene) films | Single cell | 117,118 |
| Thermophilic bacteria | Ag NPs | N.A. | |
| HeLa cells | Au NPs coated glass pipettes | Subcellular level | 95 |
| Peptide modified Au NPs | Subcellular level | 93 | |
| Multispecies biofilm | Ag NPs | N.A. | 119 |
| Spores of Bacillus subtilis | Anodized Al oxide films | N.A. | 110 |
| HSC3 oral squamous carcinoma cell | Au nanorods | Subcellular level | 120 |
| E. coli | Antibody conjugated Ag NPs | N.A. | 121 |
| G. sulfurreducens | Au NPs | N.A. | 97 |
| E. coli and S. cohnii | Au NPs and Ag NPs | N.A. | 96 |
| Human dermal keratinocytes | Ag coated AFM tip | N.A. | 122 |
| Yeast cells W303-1A | Ag NPs | Subcellular level | 98 |
| Macrophage cells | Au NPs | Subcellular level | 123 |
| T. asperellum | Au NPs and Ag NPs | N.A. | 124 |
| C666 nasopharyngeal and A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells | Ag NPs | Subcellular level | 125 |
| Mitochondria isolated from A549 lung cancer cells | Au NPs | N.A. | 126 |
| Tissues | |||
| Colon adenocarcinoma tissue and normal colon epithelial tissue | Ag NPs | N.A. | 127 |
| Normal brain tissue and tumor tissue | Ag NPs | N.A. | 99 |
| Cancerous and normal nasopharyngeal tissues | Au NPs | N.A. | 128 |
| Prostate cancer tissue | Silica-encapsulated SAMs on Au/Ag nanoshells | N.A. | 129 |
| Rat tissues (heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, testes and brain) | Ag NPs | N.A. | 130 |