Table 3.
Bio-imaging and detection using SERS tags
| Samples | Substrates | Raman reporters | Detection limits | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomolecules | ||||
| Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-8 proteins | Composite organic- inorganic NPs | 8-Azaadenine and benzoyladenine | N.A. | 131 |
| DNA pattern | Ag NPs | Benzotriazole azo dye | N.A. | 132 |
| Virus DNA and RNA | Ag stained/enhanced Au NPs | Cy3, TAMRA, Texas red, Cy3.5, Rhodamine 6G, Cy5 | 2 × 10–14 M | 133 |
| Mouse-IgG (anti-insulin) | Ag NPs | Azoaniline | 0.158 ngmL–1 | 145 |
| Glutathione | Ag NPs | Rhodamine 6G, crystal violet, and 5,5′-dichloro-3,3′-disulfopropyl thiacyanine | 1 × 10–6 M | 146 |
| Recombinant human interleukin-2 | Ag NPs | 8-Azaadenine and N-benzoyladenine | N.A. | 131 |
| Human IgG | Au nanorods embedded silica particles | 4-Aminothiophenol | 0.1 ng mL–1 | 147 |
| Biotin | Silica-Ag-magnetic beads | Benzenethiol, 4-mercaptotoluene, 2-naphthalenethiol and 4-aminothiophenol | N.A. | 148 |
| Cells | ||||
| Bronchioalveolar stem cells | Ag-doped silica NPs | Mercaptotoluene, benzenethiol and naphthalenethiol | Single cell | 149 |
| Magnetic-SERS dots with Ag NPs | 4-Methylbenzenethiol and benzenethiol | N.A. | 150 | |
| MCF-7 mammary gland adenocarcinoma cells | Au nanorods | 4-Mercaptopyridine | Subcellular level | 151 |
| Hollow Au nanospheres | Crystal violet | Subcellular level | 152 | |
| Ag NPs embedded silica spheres | 4-Mercaptotoluene and 2-naphthalenethiol | Subcellular level | 153 | |
| Bovine adrenal zona glomerulosa | Ag NPs | Cresyl violet | Subcellular level | 135 |
| Human hepatoma cells | Ag NPs | Carborane | Subcellular level | 154 |
| Mouse fibroblast 3T3 cells | Au NPs | Rose Bengal and crystal violet | Subcellular level | 155 |
| Au NPs | 4-Mercaptobenzoic acid | Subcellular level | 139 | |
| Human mammary epithelial cells and PC-3 prostate cancer cells | Ag coated optical fibers | 4-Mercaptobenzoic acid | Subcellular level | 156 |
| R3327 rat prostate carcinoma cells | Au NPs and Ag NPs | Indocyanine green | Subcellular level | 157 |
| SKBR3 breast cancer cells | silica coated Au NPs | N.A. | 10 cells mL–1 | 141 |
| HeLa cells | PVP coated Ag NPs | 4,4′-Bipyridine and 4-mercaptobenzoic acid | N.A. | 158 |
| Macrophage cells | Au nanoflower | Rhodamine B | N.A. | 159 |
| H9c2 cardiac myocytes | Ag NPs | 4-(Mercaptomethyl)benzonitrile | Subcellular level | 137 |
| U937 monocytic leukemia cells | Ag NPs | Basic fuchsin | N.A. | 160 |
| MCF10 epithelial cells | Au NPs | Dinitrophenol derivative | N.A. | 161 |
| MIAPaCa-2 pancreas carcinoma cells | Ag NPs | 2-Aminothiophenol | Single cell | 140 |
| HEK 293 embryonic kidney cells | Ag NPs | Brilliant green | Subcellular level | 162 |
| Chinese hamster ovary cells | Ag NPs | Cresyl violet | Subcellular level | 163,164 |
| Ag NPs | 4-Mercaptobenzoic acid | Subcellular level | 138 | |
| Lymphocyte | Au NPs | Rhodamine 6G | Subcellular level | 165 |
| Tissues | ||||
| Prostate tissue | Au nanoshells | 5,5′-Dithiobis(succinimidyl-2-nitrobenzoate) | N.A. | 166 |
| Ag NPs | N.A. | N.A. | 142 | |
| Au nanoshells | 5,5′-Dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) | N.A. | 167 |