Table 3.

Clinical forms and relevant signs and symptoms

Clinical forms	Symptoms and clinical manifestations
Rhinocerebral, rhino-orbito-cerebral	Facial pain, headache, lethargy, loss of vision. Brownish, blood stained nasal discharge, black eschar on palate, chemosis, periorbital cellulitis, ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, proptosis, dysfunction of cranial nerves.
Pulmonary	Nonspecific: Chest pain, dyspnoea, haemoptysis
Cutaneous	Painful lesions, resemble ecthyma gangrenosum, cotton-like growth – “hairy pus”, necrotizing fasciitis.
Gastrointestinal	Depend on site involved, non specific: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, haematemesis, melena.
Disseminated	Most frequent clinical syndromes: Pneumonia, stroke, subarachnoid haemorrhage, brain abscess, cellulitis or gangrene.
Focal (can affect any organ)	Protean manifestations according to involved organ: Endocarditis, mediastinitis, peritonitis, osteomyelitis, pyelonephritis, otitis external, corneal infection