Wild-type (circles) and db/db (squares) serum measurements of glycine betaine (A), pipecolic acid (B), and proline (C) at 12 (n = 3), 16 (n = 4), 20 (n = 4), and 24 weeks (n = 4) of age. Values are expressed as micromolar. Significance was determined using an unpaired t test. ns, not significant.