. 2011 May 10;11:292. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-292

Table 2.

Growth curve models predicting depressive symptomatology on the negative affect domain, the Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging (TLSA) 1989-2007

	Model 1		Model 2

Covariates	Coefficient (β)	Standard Error	Coefficient (β)	Standard Error
*Social participation*
Participation before 70 (ref = never participated)
Continuous participation from baseline to age 70, β₀₁	-1.414***	0.262	-0.681**	0.250
Initiating participation from baseline to age 70, β₀₂	-1.128***	0.256	-0.709**	0.235
Ceased participation after baseline, β₀₃	-0.710***	0.283	-0.195**	0.265
Dropped out before age 70, β₀₄	0.003**	0.277	0.111**	0.262

*Health status*
Physical disability (ref = None)
One and more functioning limitations			1.789***	0.180
Chronic health problems (ref = None)
One and more chronic conditions			-0.297***	0.221
*Socio-demographics*
Gender (ref = Male)
Female			0.294***	0.221
Ethnicity (ref = Fukianese)
Hakka			0.017***	0.240
Mainlander			-0.122***	0.218
*Socioeconomic position*
Education (ref = Illiterate)
Incomplete primary education			-0.434***	0.272
Completed primary education			-0.941***	0.226
High school graduate and above			-1.437***	0.265
Work status (ref = No work)
Full- or part-time work			-0.690***	0.201
Assisting family			-0.754***	0.238
Home ownership (ref = no)			-0.465***	0.188
*Family background*
Family living arrangement (ref = Alone)
Living with family			-0.534***	0.200

Symptom level, intercept	3.142***	0.209	4.146***	0.367
Mean growth rate, linear	0.182**	0.031	0.175***	0.030
Mean acceleration, quadratic	-0.004***	0.001	-0.004**	0.001

Random effects	Estimate	S.E.	Estimate	S.E.

Variance in random intercept	4.285***	0.735	2.392***	0.599
Variance in random slope	0.018***	0.006	0.017***	0.005
Variance in residuals	13.297***	0.342	13.335***	0.318

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001