Table 1.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Participants in the TRICARE Diabetes Disease Management Program, United States, 2007-2008
| Characteristic/Outcome | Diabetes Status/Program Participation Statusa | All, n = 29,604 | Historical Control Group,b n = 23,778 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Controlled | Uncontrolled | |||||
|
| ||||||
| Active, n = 4,204 | Passive, n = 12,624 | Active, n = 3,332 | Passive, n = 9,444 | |||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 55.1 (8.0)c | 53.0 (9.7) | 53.9 (9.1)d | 50.6 (11.5) | 52.6 (10.1) | 53.0 (9.9) |
| Men, % | 40c | 48 | 37d | 44 | 44 | 44 |
| Region, % | ||||||
| North | 37c | 22 | 31d | 20 | 24 | 31 |
| South | 47c | 52 | 51 | 52 | 51 | 41 |
| West | 16c | 26 | 18d | 28 | 24 | 28 |
| Military branch, % | ||||||
| Army | 41 | 39 | 38 | 39 | 39 | 39 |
| Air Force | 27 | 28 | 29 | 29 | 28 | 25 |
| Navy | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 29 |
| All other | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Managed care plan, % | 62c | 57 | 72d | 67 | 63 | 63 |
| Preventive care received in previous 12 months, % | ||||||
| HbA1c test | 5c | 43 | 71d | 66 | 55 | 28 |
| Retinal exam | 23c | 19 | 35d | 30 | 25 | 23 |
| Microalbumin urine test | 32c | 28 | 47 | 47 | 37 | 16 |
| Charlson comorbidity score,e mean (SD) | 0.9 (1.2)c | 0.8 (1.2) | 1.3 (1.5)d | 1.1 (1.4) | 0.9 (1.3) | 0.7 (1.2) |
| Health care use, mean (SD) | ||||||
| No. of ED visits | 1.6 (2.4) | 1.6 (3.1) | 2.1 (3.8) | 2.1 (3.7) | 1.8 (3.3) | 1.8 (3.4) |
| No. of inpatient days | 1.5 (5.0) | 1.4 (5.8) | 3.2 (9.2) | 3.0 (8.9) | 2.1 (7.3) | 2.5 (8.1) |
| No. of ambulatory visits | 22 (24)c | 18 (22) | 33 (29)d | 27 (26) | 23 (25) | 22 (23) |
| No. of 30-day prescriptions | 93 (57)c | 77 (54) | 104 (60)d | 86 (56) | 85 (56) | 81 (55) |
| Diabetes-related costs,f mean (SD), $ | 4,148 (5,042)c | 3,607 (5,160) | 7,398 (8,416)d | 6,925 (8,482) | 5,169 (6,972) | 5,215 (7,738) |
| Total costs,f mean (SD), $ | 13,452 (19,663)c | 11,104 (16,744) | 20,387 (25,156)d | 16,689 (21,770) | 14,264 (20,181) | 14,376 (21,907) |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; HbA1c, hemogloblin A1c; ED, emergency department.
Controlled defined as not having an episode of care with the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, diagnosis code for uncontrolled diabetes (250.02, 250.03) during the year preceding program eligibility. Uncontrolled defined as having at least 1 such episode. Active defined as receiving personalized telephone counseling; passive defined as declining personalized counseling but receiving educational mailings.
Refers to patients who in October 2004 met the criteria used later to determine eligibility for the diabetes disease management program established in June 2007.
Significantly different from participants in the controlled, passive category at P < .05. Calculated by using a 2-tailed t test.
Significantly different from participants in the uncontrolled, passive category at P < .05. Calculated by using a 2-tailed t test.
An index of comorbid conditions; a higher score indicates a sicker patient (12).
Adjusted to the medical component of the Consumer Price Index in 2008 (10).