Table 1.
U.S. Addiction Treatment Studies by Year, with Sample Size, Smoking Prevalence, and Predictor Variables (N = 42)
| Author & year | N | Smoking prevalence (%) | Modality | Primary drug treated | Government’t status | Funding source |
| Burling and Ziff (1988) | 140 | 90.7 | Inpatient | Alcohol or drug | Yes | Public |
| Finlayson, Hurt, Davis, and Morse (1988) | 216 | 66.7 | Inpatient | Alcohol | No | Private |
| Cottler et al. (1989)a | 32 | 84.4 | Inpatient | Alcohol or drug | No | Private |
| Joseph, Nichol, Willenbring, Korn, and Lysaght (1990) | 407 | 76.7 | Inpatient | Alcohol or drug | Yes | Public |
| Natali, Curtis, Suarez, and Millman (1991) | 52 | 94.2 | Inpatient | Alcohol | Yes | Public |
| Stark and Campbell (1991) | 238 | 81.9 | Methadone maintenance | Opiate/narcotic | No | Public |
| Abrams et al. (1992) | 163 | 68.1 | Outpatient | Alcohol | No | Private |
| Chakko et al. (1992) | 52 | 92.3 | Inpatient | Cocaine | Yes | Public |
| Orleans and Hutchinson (1993) | 118 | 66.1 | Inpatient | Alcohol | No | Private |
| Sees and Clark (1993) | 272 | 82.4 | Methadone maintenance | Alcohol or drug | Yes | Public |
| Hser et al. (1994) | 405 | 84.4 | Inpatient | Opiate/narcotic | Yes | Public |
| Sterling, Gottheil, Weinstein, Kurtz, and Menduke (1994) | 29 | 89.7 | Outpatient | Cocaine | No | Public |
| Fleming et al. (1995) | 1,098 | 65.0 | Inpatient | Alcohol | No | Private |
| Boyd and Pohl (1996) | 152 | 80.3 | Inpatient | Cocaine | No | Public |
| Heffner, Rosenberg, Rothrock, Kimber-Riggs, and Gould (1996) | 47 | 78.7 | Outpatient | Alcohol or drug | No | Private |
| Hurt et al. (1996) | 845 | 74.7 | Inpatient | Alcohol | No | Private |
| Roll, Higgins, Budney, Bickel, and Badger (1996) | 186 | 78.0 | Outpatient | Cocaine | No | Public |
| Clemmey, Brooner, Chutuape, Kidorf, and Stitzer (1997) | 179 | 92.2 | Methadone maintenance | Opiate/narcotic | No | Public |
| Gorelick et al. (1997) | 228 | 78.5 | Inpatient | Cocaine | Yes | Public |
| Stuyt (1997) | 348 | 75.9 | Inpatient | Alcohol or drug | No | Private |
| Rustin (1998) | 2,445 | 78.0 | Inpatient | Alcohol or drug | Yes | Public |
| Chatham, Hiller, Rowan-Szal, Joe, and Simpson (1999) | 435 | 94.0 | Methadone maintenance | Opiate/narcotic | No | Public |
| Patten et al. (1999) | 404 | 54.7 | Inpatient | Alcohol | Yes | Public |
| Frosch, Shoptaw, Nahom, and Jarvik (2000) | 355 | 73.5 | Methadone maintenance | Opiate/narcotic | No | Private |
| Hall et al. (2000) | 313 | 62.9 | Outpatient | Cocaine | Yes | Public |
| Clarke, Stein, McGarry, and Gogineni (2001) | 283 | 88.7 | Methadone maintenance | Opiate/narcotic | No | Private |
| Heil, Badger, and Higgins (2001) | 302 | 80.1 | Outpatient | Cocaine | No | Public |
| Moore and Budney (2001)b | 174 | 46.6 | Outpatient | Alcohol or drug | No | Public |
| Richter, Gibson, Ahluwalia, and Schmelzle (2001) | 550 | 76.7 | Methadone maintenance | Opiate/narcotic | No | Private |
| Miles, Kulstad, and Haller (2002)c | 108 | 79.0 | Inpatient | Cocaine | No | Public |
| Patkar, Lundy, Leone, Weinstein, Gotheil, and Steinberg (2002) | 125 | 55.2 | Outpatient | Cocaine | No | Public |
| Gibson et al. (2003)d | 337 | 82.5 | Inpatient | Alcohol or drug | Yes | Public |
| Kohn, Tsoh, and Weisner (2003) | 749 | 52.7 | Outpatient | Alcohol or drug | No | Private |
| Patten et al. (2003) | 813 | 78.4 | Inpatient | Alcohol | No | Private |
| Williams et al. (2005) | 3,472 | 76.6 | Inpatient | Alcohol or drug | Yes | Public |
| Kim et al. (2006) | 92 | 91.3 | Methadone maintenance | Opiate/narcotic | Yes | Public |
| Nahvi et al. (2006) | 389 | 81.2 | Methadone maintenance | Opiate/narcotic | No | Private |
| Patkar et al. (2006) | 168 | 82.7 | Outpatient | Cocaine | No | Public |
| Yadav et al. (2007) | 1,402 | 87.2 | Outpatient | Alcohol | Yes | Public |
| Cicero et al. (2008)ae | 1,408 | 69.4 | Outpatient | Opiate/narcotic | No | Private |
| Graff, Griffin, and Weiss (2008) | 61 | 57.4 | Outpatient | Alcohol or drug | No | Public |
| Rees, Reehlmann, Stewart, and Jones (2008) | 516 | 80.2 | Inpatient | Alcohol or drug | Yes | Public |
Note. aReported in paper as inpatient/outpatient.
b
Primarily treated marijuana.
c
The smoking n for Miles et al. (2002) was reported as being 77, however, N = 108 and states 79% smoking prevalence in text and Table 2.
d
Domiciliary care.
e
Prescription opiates only not heroin.