Figure 9.

SS-31 reduces inflammation response to IR injury. (A) Macrophage infiltration in medullary region of (a) Sham, (b) saline-treated IR, and (c) SS-31-treated IR rats. Rats were subcutaneously treated with saline or SS-31 (2 mg/kg) 30 minutes before occlusion of renal blood flow for 30 minutes. Treatment was repeated just before onset of reperfusion and 2 hours later. Kidney sections obtained after 24-hour reperfusion were stained for macrophage using anti-CD68 antibody (brown stain); magnification: ×200. Inset shows area indicated by arrow at higher magnification. Note the presence of macrophages (M) and erythrocytes (R) in capillaries adjacent to tubular cells (T) in the saline IR group. (B) The number of macrophages per high power field were few in the Sham but significantly increased in the saline-treated IR group. SS-31 treatment completely prevented macrophage infiltration. n = 4 to 6 in each group. ANOVA P < 0.0001. ***P < 0.001 between groups. (C) Effects of SS-31 on neutrophil activation 24 hours after 45-minute ischemia as measured by the release of MPO. n = 11 to 13 in each group. ANOVA, P = 0.005, *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 between groups.