Table 1.
Demographic Features of HGH Users, Other AAS Users, and Comparison Weightlifters
| Group | Between-Group Comparisons | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I. HGH plus AAS Use (N = 27) |
II. AAS but no HGH use (N = 73) Mean (SD) |
III. No AAS or GH Use (N=131) |
Group I vs. Group II | Group I vs. Group III | Group II vs. Group III | |
| Age, Yrs. | 32.5 (4.7) | 29.2 (6.2) | 27.8 (5.8) | 0.01a | < 0.001a | 0.09a |
| Mean Difference (95% confidence interval)b | ||||||
| Years of regular weightlifting | 11.6 (4.7) | 9.8 (6.1) | 8.4 (5.0) | −0.5 (−2.3, 1.2) | 0.4 (−1.3, 2.1) | 0.9 (−0.2, 2.1) |
| Fat-free mass index, kg/m2 | 26.2 (2.8) | 23.3 (2.3) | 22.8 (1.9) | 2.8*** (1.8, 3.8) | 3.4*** (2.5, 4.3) | 0.6 (0.0, 1.2) |
| N (%) | Odds Ratio (95% confidence interval)b | |||||
| Income > $30,000 | 21 (78) | 45 (62) | 71 (54) | 1.3 (0.4, 3.8) | 1.6 (0.6, 4.3) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.3) |
| Never married | 15 (56) | 56 (77) | 105 (80) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.8) | 0.7 (0.2, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.5) |
| Grad 4-yr college | 5 (19) | 20 (27) | 62 (47) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.6) | 0.2** (0.1, 0.6) | 0.4** (0.2, 0.8) |
| Alcohol dependencec | 4 (15) | 17 (23) | 19 (15) | 0.5 (0.1, 1.7) | 0.7 (0.2, 2.5) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.1) |
| Substance dependenced | 19 (70) | 41 (56) | 50 (38) | 2.1 (0.8, 5.5) | 4.2** (1.6, 10.8) | 2.0* (1.1, 3.7) |
| Non-cannabis substance dependencee | 15 (56) | 31 (42) | 22 (17) | 1.6 (0.6, 4.1) | 56*** (2.1, 15.0) | 3.6*** (1.7, 74) |
a
By t test, two-tailed.
b
Estimates adjusted for age, study site, and ethnicity (see full text of paper).
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.01;
***
p < 0.001
c
Lifetime history of alcohol dependence.
d
Lifetime history of dependence on any classical drug of abuse other than alcohol (excludes AAS dependence).
e
Lifetime history of dependence on any classical drug other than alcohol or cannabis (excludes AAS dependence).