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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jun 6.
Published in final edited form as: FEBS Lett. 2011 May 6;585(11):1657–1662. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.060

Figure 3.

Figure 3

The aging-controlling hierarchical structure and potential “control centers” of aging in the NAD World. Pancreatic β cells and central neurons, two major frailty points in the NAD World, determines the hierarchical regulatory cascade for mammalian aging and longevity by communicating with other tissues through insulin, neuroendocrine hormones, and autonomic nervous system. It is likely that other peripheral tissues also send feedback signals to these “control centers.” Adipose tissue might function as a critical modulator that coordinates NAD biosynthesis throughout the body and controls the stability of the NAD World by secreting eNAMPT to blood circulation. See text for details.