Figure 2.

Role of inflammation and immune dysfunction in obesity. The immune dysfunction (left column) and inflammation (center column with arrows) are correlated with atherosclerotic lesions (right column).

CAD

coronary artery disease

DM

diabetes mellitus

ER

endoplasmic reticulum

FFA

free fatty acids

IKKβ

inhibitor of NF-KB kinase b

IL

interleukin

IRS

insulin receptor substrate

JNK

Jun N-terminal kinase

LDL

low-density lipoproteins

MAPK

mitogen-activated protein kinase

MCP-1

monocyte chemotactic protein

NF-KB

nuclear factor kappa beta

PAI-1

plasminogen activator inhibitor-1

RAS

renin angiotensin system

SMC

smooth muscle cell

SOCS

suppressor of cytokine signaling

TNF

tumor necrosis factor.