Table 1.

Environmental and Host Risk Factors for Pancreatic Cancer

Condition or behavior	RR or OR	Comments
Chronic pancreatitis27–31	2.31–26	Higher risk in smokers
Cigarette smoking15–21	2–5	Dose response relates to degree of risk
Diabetes mellitus22–26	2.0–2.2	Direction of causality unclear
Obesity or overweight32	∼2	Exercise benefits overweight individuals
Diet high in red, fried, processed, or grilled meat33	Unknown	Relationship not evident in all studies
Occupational exposures to dyes, pigments, or solvents35,36	Unknown	Limited evidence

OR

odds ratio

RR

relative risk.