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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 May 31.
Published in final edited form as: Circulation. 2010 Mar 29;121(14):1589–1597. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.887513

Table 3.

Study-Specific and Pooled Hazard Ratios of CHD for Categories of Daily Alcohol Intake.

Hazard ratio (95% CI) by daily alcohol intake, g/day
Women Non- drinkers (CHD=606) 0.1–4.9 (CHD=397) 5.0–14.9 (CHD=242) 15.0–29.9 (CHD=65) 30.0–59.9 (CHD=60) ≥ 60.0 (CHD=15) P for trend
Study-specific N
 ARIC 6406 1.00 (reference) 0.84 (0.44, 1.59) 0.58 (0.29, 1.17) 0.78 (0.30, 2.00) NA§ NA§ 0.0738
 GPS 1509 1.00 (reference) 0.75 (0.27, 2.06) 0.89 (0.31, 2.55) 1.15 (0.31, 4.23) 0.52 (0.05, 5.21) NA§ 0.8418
 NHSa 79,479 1.00 (reference) 0.73 (0.57, 0.94) 0.72 (0.55, 0.95) 0.59 (0.38, 0.94) 0.49 (0.29, 0.82) 1.64 (0.77, 3.49) 0.1548
 NHSb 60,083 1.00 (reference) 0.78 (0.65, 0.94) 0.67 (0.54, 0.84) 0.47 (0.32, 0.69) 0.57 (0.39, 0.82) 0.60 (0.26, 1.38) 0.0003
 VIP 9758 1.00 (reference) 2.26 (0.28,18.47) 2.17 (0.12,38.67) NA§ NA§ NA§ 0.8654
 WHS 34,832 1.00 (reference) 1.02 (0.69, 1.50) 0.81 (0.49, 1.35) 0.37 (0.11, 1.19) 0.58 (0.18, 1.90) 1.32 (0.18, 9.95) 0.1768
Pooled
 Age-adj.* 192,067 1.00 (reference) 0.78 (0.69, 0.89) 0.73 (0.62, 0.84) 0.57 (0.44, 0.74) 0.80 (0.61, 1.05) 1.71 (1.02, 2.86) 0.1112
 Smoking-adj.† 192,067 1.00 (reference) 0.75 (0.65, 0.85) 0.62 (0.53, 0.72) 0.47 (0.36, 0.61) 0.52 (0.39, 0.68) 1.02 (0.61, 1.70) <0.0001
 Multivariable‡ 192,067 1.00 (reference) 0.78 (0.69, 0.90) 0.68 (0.59, 0.80) 0.52 (0.40, 0.67) 0.53 (0.39, 0.70) 0.93 (0.55, 1.58) <0.0001
Men Non- drinkers (CHD=623) 0.1–4.9 (CHD=737) 5.0–14.9 (CHD=751) 15.0–29.9 (CHD=449) 30.0–59.9 (CHD=311) 60.0–89.9 (CHD=59) ≥ 90.0 (CHD=31) P for trend
Study-specific
 ARIC 5166 1.00 (reference) 1.16 (0.78, 1.71) 1.29 (0.93, 1.79) 0.87 (0.57, 1.32) 0.73 (0.44, 1.22) 0.74 (0.27, 2.04) 1.40 (0.56, 3.54) 0.4499
 ATBC 21,119 1.00 (reference) 0.86 (0.71, 1.03) 0.86 (0.72, 1.03) 0.70 (0.58, 0.85) 0.61 (0.49, 0.77) 0.48 (0.32, 0.74) 0.80 (0.51, 1.27) 0.0001
 GPS 1294 1.00 (reference) 0.84 (0.30, 2.32) 0.54 (0.21, 1.38) 0.60 (0.24, 1.50) 0.44 (0.16, 1.18) 0.37 (0.09, 1.52) NA§ 0.0304
 HPFS 38,654 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (0.85, 1.17) 0.75 (0.63, 0.88) 0.69 (0.56, 0.86) 0.66 (0.52, 0.83) 0.65 (0.41, 1.01) 0.17 (0.02, 1.23) <0.0001
 VIP 8486 1.00 (reference) 0.50 (0.28, 0.93) 0.24 (0.11, 0.48) 0.25 (0.07, 0.91) 0.73 (0.09, 5.85) NA§ NA§ 0.009
Pooled
 Age-adj.* 74,719 1.00 (reference) 0.95 (0.85, 1.06) 0.84 (0.75, 0.93) 0.75 (0.66, 0.85) 0.74 (0.64, 0.85) 0.70 (0.53, 0.91) 0.96 (0.67, 1.39) <0.0001
 Smoking-adj.† 74,719 1.00 (reference) 0.94 (0.84, 1.05) 0.81 (0.72, 0.90) 0.71 (0.63, 0.81) 0.66 (0.58, 0.76) 0.60 (0.46, 0.79) 0.81 (0.57, 1.18) <0.0001
 Multivariable‡ 74,719 1.00 (reference) 0.96 (0.86, 1.08) 0.83 (0.74, 0.92) 0.72 (0.64, 0.82) 0.66 (0.57, 0.76) 0.58 (0.44, 0.77) 0.77 (0.53, 1.13) <0.0001

ARIC, Atherosclerosis risk in Communities; GPS, Glostrup population study; NHSa/NHSb, Nurses’ Health Study 1980–86/1986–96; VIP, Västerbotten Intervention Programme; WHS, Women’s Health Study

*

Also adjusted for year of baseline questionnaire

†

Also adjusted for age, year of baseline questionnaire

‡

Multivariable hazard ratios were adjusted for age, year of baseline questionnaire, smoking, BMI, education, physical activity, energy intake, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, saturated fat, fibre, cholesterol intake, and study origin

NA§ indicates ‘not applicable’ due to limited number of cases